GAS EXCHANGE

Danica Dawn Nacion

Terence Myken Janaban
Hayden Hidalgo
 Respiration

Respiration in Man Gas exchange in plants

oxygen rich air involves

enters the body by
leaves and young stems woody stems
inhalation
stomata lenticels in
air is filtered by the old stems

Respiratory System

composed of

nostrils

pharynx trachea
Oxygen-poor air is
bronchi
expelled out by
bronchioles lungs
gas exchange exhalation
alveoli happens in the
ANIMAL RESPIRATION
 Why do living organisms respire?
 Air is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth. The
main gases that make up the air or atmosphere are
nitrogen and oxygen. In fact, the atmosphere is
approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and the
remaining percent is made up of gases present in only
small amounts.
 Every minute of the day you breath in about 6 liters of air
 Without this frequent intake of air, the cells in your body
would die quickly. This happens because air contains
oxygen which the cells need. It is oxygen that supports the
energy-producing process that takes place in your cells. As
a result of this process, your cells are able to perform all the
various tasks that keep you alive.
 Each body cell burns up the food it gets from the
blood and releases energy locked within the food
only if gets enough oxygen. The energy-releasing
process that is fueled by oxygen is called
respiration.
 In addition to energy, carbon dioxide is also produce
in respiration.
 Carbon dioxide, as a waste product of aerobic
respiration is toxic to cells and must be removed.
 The bod system that is responsible for performing
the task of getting oxygen into the body and
removing carbon dioxide out of the body is the
respiratory system.
BREATHING AND RESPIRATION
 Respiration is the overall exchange of gases (how
the body gets oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide)
between the atmosphere, the blood and the cells.
 Breathing covers the first step of respiration in
supplying the cells of the body with oxygen. It is the
physical action of taking in oxygen into, and
releasing the waste carbon dioxide out of the lungs.
These gases must be transported by the circulatory
system and exchanged in the cells.
 The respiratory system with its organs and tissues
makes respiration possible.
FOUR TYPES OF GAS EXCHANGE
SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS:
 Integumentary exchange or cutaneous
respiration- occurs through the skin.
Earthworms exhibit this system, and that is why
they have to be moist all the time.
 Gills- exchange gases in water environments.

 Tracheal systems– used by insects.

 Lungs- found in land animals.

INTEGUMENTARY TRACHEAL SYSTEMS
RESPIRATION IN INSECTS

GILLS FOR
LUNGS FOR
WATER ENVIRONMENTS
LAND ANIMALS
THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 The respiratory system consists of the lungs and
the various passage ways that allow air to reach
the lungs.
 The function of the respiratory system is to allow
gas exchange. It brings oxygen into the body and
get rids of carbon dioxide.
 If the air entering the body is not processed
(filtered out, cleaned, warmed, and moistened), it
could damage and carry diseases to the lung
tissue.
 The air you breath in is inhaled through the nose
where it is filtered through the two openings called
the nostrils.
 Coarse in the nostrils trap large dust and dirt
particles, which are coated with mucus from glands
in the nasal(nose) cavity.
 Sometimes, these trapped particles may irritate your
nasal cavity and your body responds to this irritation
by producing a slight “explosion” to force the
particles out in the form of a sneeze.
 The warmed, moistened, and filtered air moves
through a muscular tube in your upper throat called
pharynx, that soon divides into two passage ways fo
air and food.
 One passageway lead to the esophagus (digestive
system).
 The other passageway leads air to the larynx
(respiratory system) or voice box.
 This structure that directs air down the respiratory
path and the food and water down the digestive path
is the epiglottis.
 Epiglottis is a flap of tissue that closes over the
entrance to the rest of the respiratory system when
you swallow. As a result, food and water are routed to
the digestive system.
 When you breath, the epiglottis stays open,
permitting air to enter the respiratory system. But
when you swallow food and liquids, the epiglottis
closes, sending the contents of the pharynx into the
esophagus.
 Two elastic ligaments or vocal cords are also found
in the larynx, which produces our voice.
 Air rushing out the lungs causes the vocal cords to
vibrate and makes sounds.
 The larynx is also supported by several curved pieces
of cartilage. Two of the pieces are connected by a ridge
known as the “Adams Apple”.
 The tube like structure which is called the trachea or
the wind pipe looks like a vacuum cleaner hose,
which acts as the main passage way to the lungs. The
bumps you touched in the trachea are actually rings
or bonds of cartilage.
 The rings of cartilage make the trachea flexible
enough so that it keeps the passage way open for air.
As the air moves down to the trachea, mucus the
inner lining traps dust particles and bacteria that
have managed to get past the nose.
 Cilia lining the trachea move the mucus and trap
dust particles and bacteria up in to the throat to be
swallowed.
 Sometimes, some of the particles may collect in the
trachea, causing an irritation. This triggers a
response a similar to a sneeze or a tiny explosion
that occurs in the nose. In the trachea, however, the
explosion is called a cough.
LUNGS: THE MAJOR ORGANS FOR
RESPIRATION
 The lungs, the main organs of the respiratory
system, are sponge like organs located in the
chest cavity, bounded in the sides by the ribs and
on the bottom by the diaphragm.
 The diaphragm, is a powerful muscle nestled in
the bottom of the rib cage that aids in
respiration.
 The lungs surrounds the heart and fill most of
the cavity inside the ribs.
 The lungs are a symmetrical pair, but they are
not completely identical because the left lung is
smaller than the right lung.
 Lungs are divided into sections called lobes. If one
lobe is injured or diseased, the other may not be
affected and still function normally.
 Once inside the lungs, the air reaches a place where
the trachea branches into the two tubes-the left and
the right bronchi. The left bronchus enters the left
lung, and the right bronchus enters the right lung.
The continue to divide again and again, becoming
narrower each time, until there are tiny tubes the
size of tubes called bronchioles. At the ends of
these tiny tubes are hundred of round air sacs that
resemble clusters of grapes on a stem. These air
sacs are called alveoli, which inflate during
inhalation and deflate during exhalation.
 The alveoli are gateways for oxygen into the body.
GAS EXCHANGE HAPPENS IN THE
ALVEOLI
 Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of tiny
blood cells (capillaries).
 Here in the body’s 600 million alveoli that the lungs
perform their function-exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the blood.
 The walls of the alveoli and the capillaries share a
fused basement. They are so close that oxygen and
carbon dioxide diffuse (move freely) between the
respiratory system and bloodstream.
 As a result when air enters the alveoli, oxygen in the
air seeps through the thin walls of the tiny sacs into
the surrounding capillaries.
 As blood slowly moves through the capillaries, it picks
up the oxygen and carries it to the cells throughout
the body. When the oxygen-rich blood reaches the
cells, it releases the oxygen. At the same time, the
blood picks up the carbon dioxide produced by the
cells during respiration and returns it to the alveoli to
be blown out of your body with your next exhalation.
 Because air is rarely in the lungs for more than a few
seconds, the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon
dioxide) must take place quickly. This is where the
treelike structure of the respiratory system comes in.
the branching structure enables more than 2,400
kilometers of airways to fit into the small area of the
chest cavity.
 As a result, a great deal of oxygen can seep out of the
lungs, and an equal amount of carbon dioxide can
seep back in to a short time.
MECHANICS OF BREATHIING
 Air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs by the
mechanical process called breathing. On the average, you
breathe in and out about one liter of air every second. A
person at rest breathes in about thirteen times a minute.
This rate, however, could increase three time the normal
rate when you are playing or working hard.
 breathing occurs because of the changes in air pressure
between the lungs and the atmosphere. Breathing has two
phases: inspiration (inhalation) and expiration
(exhalation). When you are about to inhale, or breathe in,
the diaphragm, which are muscles attached to your ribs,
contract and lift the rib cage up and outward while muscles
between your ribs contract and pull upward