Spectrogram

Spectrogram
Representation of Mass Variation

Diagram Spectrogram
(Time domain) (Frequency domain)
Mass Vs. Time/Length Mass Vs. Wavelength/Frequency
Spectrogram
Wavelength
Amplitude

Yarn Cross - section

Mean Cross
- section

Yarn Length
 where,
v
f  f = frequency (s-1)

 
V
= wave length (m)
= material speed (m/s)
 Advantages of spectrogram over Diagram:

• In the diagram, various types of periodic faults can also be

recognized, but the proof of these is much more difficult
without the spectrogram.

• Two or more periodic faults in the same fiber assembly can

hardly be recognized in the diagram, where as they are
clearly evident in the spectrogram.

• The proof of periodic faults in the diagram requires, in many

cases, a drastic reduction of the testing speed, whereas the
spectrogram can be traced out with the highest testing
speed
6
• The wave-length spectrum is theoretically a
continuous curve. Technically it is not possible
without considerable costs, to investigate each
separate frequency/wave length.

• The frequency range is determined by the

electrical filter.
• The number of filters in various Uster machines are:

• The distance between the channel is only 7.5% in UT 4

SX.

• As each filter provides a certain part of the spectrogram,

the separate filters can also be recognized in the
spectrogram as separate steps
Spectrogram Channel

Maximum number of channels in PREMIER TESTER : 80

Evaluating time Number of channels

(minutes) displayed

20 80
10 75
5 70
2.5 65
1 60
Arrangement of the Spectrogram

Y axis
(Amplitude)

Spectrogram Statistically Statistically Logarithmic

starting point significant non-significant X axis
1.1cm wavelength wavelength (for wavelength)
(25 to 200m/min) ranges (25 ranges (6 to 25
2cm times times occurring)
occuring) Max.  range :
(400m/min)
1.28 km
Ideal spectrogram

 If a fiber material should achieve the limiting irregularity, its spectrogram would
be ideal. That is represented by red curve.

 Normal Spectrogram, which is shown in blue color, is the one that is practically
achievable.

 The height difference between the ideal and normal spectrogram is created by
various process parameters.

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Spectrograms showing periodic faults
CHIMNEY (or PEAK)
Normally due to mechanical faults Chimney
Chimney
+ + +
+ + +
- Eccentric roller + +
+
+ +
- improper matching of gear +
- missing gear, teeth etc. Wave Length
Wave Length
HILL
Normally due to drafting waves
+ + +
caused by + + +
Hill + +
- improper draft zone settings Hill +
+ +
- improper top roller pressure +

- Too many short fibres in the Wave Length

Wave Length
material, etc.
Information from Spectrogram

13
Typical Spectrogram of a Fault free yarn

Amplitude Natural Fibre Yarn

     x MFL Wave Length

Wavelengt
h
Typical Spectrogram of a Fault free yarn

Staple Fibre Yarn

Maximum of the peak lies at 2.7 x fibre length

Practical Wavelength Spectrum
- Fault Free Yarns

Combed Cotton yarn, main crest at ~7cm

Practical Wavelength Spectrum
- Fault Free Yarns

OE Cotton yarn, main crest at ~5cm

18
19
• The use of the Spectrogram is to check
the test material for any abnormally high
periodic or systematic mass variations.

• In most cases, those variations are due to

dirty, defective or wrongly set preparation
and spinning machinery.
Distinguishing disturbing periodic faults
from tolerable faults

X-Axis represents the wave length(λ), that means at what interval the periodic
faults repeats.

Y-Axis represents the Amplitude in CV%. Amplitude represents

the intensity of the fault.

If Q>P/2,then it is a peak.

The “λ” is the periodicity depending on the defective source component

21
Chimney Type Spectrogram

B P
B
Wave Length

If P  B / 2 the fault is serious and to be attended immediately

3 Dimensional Spectrogram

23
3D Spectrogram

Used to identify whether the fault is present in a single output/delivery

or common to all samples.

If the samples are from the same machine, then the periodic variation
is due to a common problem such as main drive elements.
• Other periodic faults may appear disturbing in
the spectrogram but will not affect the end
product directly, such as chimneys in card
slivers.

• Nevertheless, it is important to pay attention to

those cases as well, since the faults can be a
sign of deterioration of machinery.
MULTIPLE CHIMNEYS

• In very many cases, a single periodic material fault

produces multiple chimneys.

• Multiple chimneys are the result of a periodic yarn mass

variation which is not evenly shaped, i.e. not sine-
shaped.

• The reason for the appearance of multiple chimneys lies

in the behavior of wave signals. Mathematically, it is
complex (Fourier transformation), but graphically, it
becomes quite evident:
Spectrogram Analysis

28
Spectrogram Analysis

29
Spectrogram Analysis

30
Spectrogram Analysis

31
Harmonics

Whenever harmonics are shown in the spectrogram, if action

is taken for the fundamental wavelength then the harmonics
will also be taken care of.
INFLUENCE OF NEARLY PERIODIC FAULTS

• Unlike a true periodic fault, a drafting wave repeats

over a range of several wavelengths.

• Because of its nearly periodic nature, a drafting

wave appears as several wavelengths.

• A fault of this type leads to an increase in the

spectrogram at the corresponding wave-length
range and not to a distinct peak.
Reason for Drafting Waves

34
Reason for Drafting Waves

35
Identification of source of Drafting waves

Material Constant K
Yarn 2.80
Roving 3.20
Sliver 3.50

If max matches 3.5 times mean fibre length, then the

problem is with drafting in draw frames.
Identification of source of Drafting waves
An example:

If drafting waves are produced both in ring frames and speed

frames they will show up in spectrogram as follows:

Wavelength of the drafting waves coming from ring spinning

machine
Mean fibre length  w  2.2cm
Draft in ring spinning  23.5
Identification of source of Drafting waves

Wavelength of the drafting waves coming from speed frame

Therefore, hills will be noticed at both 6 cm and 1.8m when yarn is

tested.
Influence of Hill Type Faults on Yarn
Irregularity
INFLUENCE OF PERIODIC MASS VARIATIONS
IN WOVEN & KNITTED FABRIC
Short Term Periodic Variations
• Periodic variations in the range of 1 cm to 50 cm are
normally repeated a number of times within the
woven or knitted fabric width, which results in the
fact that periodic thick/thin places will lie near to
each other.

• This produces, a moire effect. This effect is

particularly intensive for naked eye if the finished
product is observed at a distance of approx. 50 cm
to 1 m
Medium Term Variations

 Periodic mass variations in the range of 50 cm to 5

m are not recognizable in every case.

 It is expected that weft stripes will appear in the

woven fabric or rings in the knitted fabric.

Long Term Variations

 Periodic mass variations with wave-lengths longer

than 5 m can result in quite distinct cross-stripes in
woven and knitted fabrics.