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(0,1)
(-1,0) (1,0)
(0,-1)
Arcs
Arcs are “parts” of a circle with two endpoints, the initial
point and terminal point.
Wrapping Function
We will ‘wrap’ the real number line around the unit circle.
• Each real number corresponds to a length of an arc in a unit
circle whose initial point is at (1,0).
3
2
Special Real Numbers
Example:
Arcs of length 0 and 2 are coterminal.
Thus, .
Coterminal Arcs
Examples
Examples
A Tip: Negative Arclengths
3
1. P = (0,-1)
2
3 1
2. P ,
6 2 2
2 1 3
3. P ,
3 2 2
Definition 1.2.5 (circular functions)
Let P be the wrapping function and let
P() = (x, y).
a. The sine function is defined by
sin() = y.
b. The cosine function is defined by
cos() = x.
c. The tangent function is defined by
𝑦
tan() = ,𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
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d. The cosecant function is defined by
1
csc() = ,𝑦 ≠ 0
𝑦
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Example 1.2.10 Give the six circular
𝜋
function values of 𝜃 = .
3
Solution:
𝜋 1 3
𝑃 = ,
3 2 2
𝜋 3 𝜋 2 3
sin = csc =
3 2 3 3
𝜋 1 𝜋
cos = sec =2
3 2 3
𝜋 𝜋 3
tan = 3 cot =
3 3 3
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Example 1.2.11 Give the six circular
function values of 𝜃 = 𝜋.
Solution:
𝑃 𝜋 = −1,0
cos 𝜋 = −1 sec 𝜋 = −1
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Domain, Range, Period and Graph of
each circular function
• Sine Function
Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]
Period = 2
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• Cosine Function
Domain = R
Range = [-1, 1]
Period = 2
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• Tangent Function
𝑘𝜋
Domain = R − : 𝑘 is an odd integer
2
Range = R
Period =
23
• Cosecant Function
Domain = R − 𝑘𝜋: 𝑘 is an integer
Range = (-∞,-1] [1, ∞)
Period = 2
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• Secant Function
𝑘𝜋
Domain = R − : 𝑘 is an odd integer
2
Range = (-∞,-1] [1, ∞)
Period = 2
25
• Cotangent Function
Domain = R − 𝑘𝜋: 𝑘 is an integer
Range = R
Period =
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Reciprocal Identities
1 cos()
tan() = cot() =
cot() sin()
csc() =
1 sin()
sin() tan() =
cos()
1
sec() =
cos()
Pythagorean Identities
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃 27
Example 1.2.12 Find the other circular
function values of if
and
Solution:
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Since
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Example 1.2.13 If
2
tan 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 < 0,
3
can we say that
sin 𝜃 = −2 and cos 𝜃 = −3?
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2 13
tan 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 < 0, sec
2
3 9
13
3 sec
cot 𝜃 = 3
2
3
cos
3 13
tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃 13 13
2 sin tan cos
2
1 sec 2
3 2 3 13 2 13
4 3 13 13
1 sec 2
9
32
Sum and Difference Identities
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𝜋
Example 1.2.14 Find sin() if 𝜃 = .
12
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= −
12 4 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin = sin −
12 4 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= sin cos − cos sin
4 6 4 6
2 3 2 1
= ∙ − ∙
2 2 2 2
6 2 6− 2
= − =
4 4 4
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Double-Angle Identities
cos 2𝛼 = cos2 𝛼 − sin2 𝛼
9
sec 𝜃 = − + 1
16
25 −5
=− =
16 4
36
1 −4
cos() = =
sec () 5
16 9 3
sin 𝜃 = 1− = =
25 25 5
1 − cos 2𝛼
sin 𝛼 = ±
2
1 − cos 2𝛼
tan 𝛼 = ±
1 + cos 2𝛼
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Half-Angle Identities
𝛼 1 + cos 𝛼
cos =±
2 2
𝛼 1 − cos 𝛼
sin =±
2 2
𝛼 1 − cos 𝛼
tan =±
2 1 + cos 𝛼
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Half-Angle Identities
sin 2𝛼 𝛼 sin 𝛼
tan 𝛼 = tan =
1 + cos 2𝛼 2 1 + cos 𝛼
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼 𝛼 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
tan 𝛼 = tan =
sin 2𝛼 2 sin 𝛼
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Example 1.2.16 Find sin( ).
8
Solution:
41
Example 1.2.17 If
find .
Solution:
We first determine where is.
42
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or using another formula,
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Example 1.2.18 Express each expression in simplest
form.
a. cos 40 cos 20 sin 40 sin 20 = cos 40 20
= cos 60
1
=
2
b. sin 2d cos 3d cos 2d sin 3d = sin 2d 3d = sin 5d
1 cos 60 𝛼 1 − cos 𝛼
e. tan =±
1 cos 60 2 1 + cos 𝛼
60
tan 30 1 3
tan
2 3 3
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Theorem: If p then q.
Methods of proof:
1. Direct 2. Indirect 3. Contraposition
(prf by contradiction)
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Prove the following:
sin 1 cos
.
1 cos sin
Wrong proof:
sin 1 cos
.
1 cos sin
?
sin 2 θ 1 cos 2 θ
sin θ sin 2 θ
2
Prove the following: sin 1 cos
.
1 cos sin
proof:
sin sin 1 cos
1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
sin 1 cos
1 cos 2
sin 1 cos
sin
2
sin 2
cos 2
1
1 cos
sin
QED
Prove the following: cos 3 4 cos3 3cos
proof:
1
csc 2
1
1 csc
2
1
2 2
csc
2
csc
2
csc csc csc
2
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