INTRODUCTION TO

STEEL DESIGN KENT SUNGLAO | 2018

INTRODUCTION:
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF STEEL STRUCTURES
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design maybe defined as a mixture of art and
science, combining the experienced engineer’s intuitive feeling
for the behavior of a structure with a sound knowledge of the
principle of statics, dynamics, strength of materials and
structural analysis, to produce a safe and economical structure
that will serve its intended purpose.
The structural design of buildings, whether of structural
steel or reinforced concrete involves the planning of the
structure for specific purposes, proportioning of members to
carry loads in the most economical manner, and
considerations for erection at site. First, the structure
should serve the purpose for which it is intended and
this is achieved by proper functional planning. Secondly,
it should have adequate strength to withstand direct
and induced forces to which it may be subjected during
its lifespan.
1. Beijing National Stadium, Beijing
2. Empire State Building
3. Sydney Harbour Bridge
4. Burj Khalifa, Dubai
5. Brooklyn Bridge
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Design is a process by which an optimum solution is obtained, in this
course the concern is with the design of structures in particular steel
structures. In any design, certain criteria must be established to
evaluate whether or not an optimum has been achieved. For
structure, critical criteria maybe
(a) minimum cost;
(b) minimum weight;
(c) minimum construction time;
(d) minimum labor;
(e) maximum efficiency to owner.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Metal as a structure began with cast iron, used on a
30m arch span bridge which was built in England in
1777-1779. A number of cast iron bridges were built
during the period 1780-1820, mostly arch shape
with girders consisting of individual cast iron piece
forming bars on trusses. Cast iron is also used for
chain links or suspension bridges until about 1840.
Wrought iron began replacing cast iron soon after
1840, the earliest important example being the
Britannia bridge over Menaii Straits in Wales which
was built in 1846-1850. This was a tubular girder
bridge having a span of 70-140-140-70m, which was
made from wrought iron plates and angles.
The process of rolling various shapes was developed, cast iron
and wrought iron received wide usage. Bars were rolled on an
industrial scale beginning about 1780. The rolling of rails began
about 1820 and was extended to I-shapes by 1870’s.
The development of Bessemer process (1855), the introduction
of liner Bessemer converter (1870) and the open-hearth furnace
brought wide spread use of iron ore products in building materials. Since
1890, steel has replaced wrought iron as the principal metallic building
material. Currently (2008) steel having a yield stresses varying from
165MPa to 690MPa are available for structural used.
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
High Strength
The high strength of steel per unit weight means
dead loads will be small. This fact is of great
importance for long spans bridges, and for
structures having poor foundation conditions.
Uniformity
The properties of steel do not
change appreciably with time as do
those of a reinforced concrete
structure.
Elasticity
It is the property of a material to regain its shape
and size after removal of load. Steel behaves
closer to the design assumptions than most
materials because it follows Hooke’s Law up to
fairly high stresses. The moment of inertia of steel
structure can be definitely calculated while the
values obtained for reinforced concrete structures
are rather indefinite.
Malleability
It is the property of a material due to
which it can be rolled into thin sheets
without rupture. Malleability of a
material increases with increasing
temperature.
Toughness
is the property of a material due
to which it can be stretched, bent
or twisted under a high stress
before fracture.
Hardness
Is the property of a material that
enables it to resist abrasion,
indentation and scratching.
Hardness on material decreases on
heating.
Creep
Is the continuous slow
deformation of a material under
a constant stress.
Permanence
Steel frames that are properly
maintained will last indefinitely.
Ductility
It is the property of a material to
withstand extensive deformation
without failure under a high tensile
stresses.
Additions to Existing Structure
Steel structures are quite well suited to having
additions made to them. New bays or even
entire new wings can be added to existing steel
frame buildings, and steel bridges may often be
widened.
Miscellaneous
Several other important advantages of structural steel
are:
(a) ability to be fastened together by several simple
connection devices including welds, bolts and rivets,
(b) adaptation to pre fabrication,
(c) speed of erection,
(d) ability to be rolled into wide variety of sizes and
shapes,
(e) toughness,
(f) possible reused after structure is disassembled and
(g) scrap value even though not reusable in its existing
form.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
Maintenance Cost
Most steel are susceptible for corrosion
when freely exposed to air and water and
must therefore be periodically painted.
The use of weathering steel in suitable
design applications tends to eliminate
this cost.
Steel is an excellent conductor of heat
and requires fireproofing which increases
the cost of structure.
Susceptible to Buckling
The longer and slender compression
members, the greater the danger to
buckling.
Fatigue
Another undesirable property of steel is that
its strength maybe reduced if it is subjected
to a large number of stress reversals or even
to a large number of variations of stresses of
the same character.
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TO GOD BE THE GLORY!