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INTRODUCTION TO
RADIATION
HEAT TRANSFER
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
[Ref 3]
The total emissive power is the total amount of
radiation energy per unit area leaving a surface with
temperature T over all wavelengths.
A basic equation for black body radiation is the
Stefan-Boltzmann law, which states that the total
emissive power of a black body is proportional to the
fourth power of the absolute temperature:
Eb q / A s T 4 over all wavelengt hs (0 l ) (1)
where Eb = total emissive power of black body, W/m2
q = heat flow, W
A = surface area of body, m2
s = constant = 5.672x10-8 W/m2 K4
T = temperature of the black body, K
The ratio of the total emissive power of a surface to
that of a black body at the same temperature is
called emissivity e and is 1.0 for a black body.
For a body that is not a black body, e < 1.0, and the
total emissive power is reduced by e :
E q / A e s T 4 over all wavelengt hs (0 l ), e f (l ) (2)
C1
Eb,l (l , T )
l e
C2 / lT
(4)
5
1
where C1 3.742 108 W mm 4 / m 2 , C2 1.439 10 4 mm K
In the hand-out Figure, the L.H.S’s of Equations (5) and (6) are
plotted against lT.
Example 1: Transmission of band radiation [Ref 5]
Fused quartz transmits 90% of the incident thermal radiation
between 0.2 and 4 mm. Suppose a certain heat source is viewed
through a quartz window. What heat flux in watts will be
transmitted through the material from black body radiation
sources at (a) 800°C and (b) 250°C.
Solution: l1 = 0.2 mm, l2 = 4 mm, (q/A)transmit = 0.9 Eb,l1-l2
(a) T = 800+273 = 1073 K, l1 T = (0.2)(1073) = 214.6 mm-K
l2 T = (4)(1073) = 4292 mm-K
Eb = sT4 = (5.672x10-8)(1073)4 = 75,185 W/m2
From Figure, Fb(l1 T) = Eb,0-l1/Eb = 0, Fb(l2 T) = Eb,0-l2/Eb = 0.53
Fb,l1-l2 = Eb,l1-l2/Eb = (Eb,0-l2/Eb) – (Eb,0-l1/Eb) = 0.53 – 0 = 0.53
Eb,l1-l2 = 0.53 Eb = 0.53(75,185) = 39,848 W/m2
(q/A)transmit = 0.9 Eb,l1-l2 = 0.9(39,848) = 35,863 W/m2
Example 2: Transmission and absorption in a glass plate
A glass plate 30 cm square is used to view radiation from a
furnace. The emissivity of the glass is 0.3 up to 3.5 mm
wavelengths and 0.9 above that. The transmissivity of the glass
is zero, except that it is 0.5 in the range from 0.2 to 3.5 mm.
Assuming that the furnace is a black body at 2000°C, calculate
the energy absorbed and energy transmitted by the glass.
Solution: Given:
T 2000C 2273 K, l1 0.2 mm, l2 3.5 mm
A (0.3) 2 m 2 , t l1 l2 0.5, t 0l1 t l2 0
a 0l e 0l 0.3, a l e l 0.9
2 2 2 2
So, N Nu
hc D
k
1/ 4
0.53 N Gr N Pr hc 12 W/m 2 K