FOUNDATIONS

PRESENTED BY -
Navdeep Mor
Research Scholar
Civil Engineering Department
NITTTR, Chandigarh
 INTRODUCTION

• Virtually every structure is supported by soil or rock. Those are

not either fly, float or fall over.

• Each Civil Engineering structure must have a proper

foundation.
 FOUNDATION
• Lowest portion of a structure which exists below the earth surface.
• It refers to the material whose behavior the civil engineer has analysed
in order to provide satisfactory and economical support to the
structure.

• Although out of sight, the foundation is none the less important

because if it is deficient in design or construction, the entire building is
at risk.
 FOUNDATION
• Leaning tower of Pisa, Italy is a
classical example.

• Function: - Transfer load of the

structure to the strata on which it is
resting.
 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS

• Stability against Shear failure.

• Shear failure is the sliding or slipping of foundation or soil

• Must not settle beyond tolerable limits to damage the structure

(Differtial settlement).
 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

The type of foundation is depends on the nature of sub-soil

strata and type of superstructure.

• Shallow Foundations
• Deep Foundations
 Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation

Foundation which is placed near the Foundation which is placed at a

Definition surface of the earth greater depth

Depth of generally about 3 meters or the depth Greater than shallow foundation
foundation of foundation is less than the footing
width
Cost Shallow foundation is cheaper Cost is high

Feasibility easy to construct construction process of a deep

foundation is more complex
Mechanism Shallow foundations transfer loads Deep foundations rely both on end
of load mostly by end bearing bearing and skin friction
transfer
 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
 An arrangement where structural loads
are carried by the soil or rock directly
under the structure.
Df / B ≤ 1.0 Terzaghi
Df / B ≤ 2.5 Skinpton
• Strip Footing
• Spread Footing
• Combined Footing
• Strap or Cantilever Footing
• Mat or Raft Foundation
 STRIP FOOTING
• Provided when length of the foundation is much
more than the width.
• A Strip footing is provided for a load bearing wall.
• A Strip Footing is also provided for a row of
columns which are closely spaced that their spread
footings overlap or nearby touches each other. It is
also called as Continuous footing.
 SPREAD/ ISOLATED FOOTING
• A Spread or isolated footing is provided to
support an individual column.
• A spread footing is circular, square or
rectangular slab of uniform thickness.
• Sometimes it is stepped to spread the load over
a large area.
SPREAD FOOTING

Spread Footing
 COMBINED FOOTING
• A combined footing supports two columns.
• It is used when the two columns are so close to
each other that their individual footings would
overlap.
• A Combined footing is also provided when the
property line close to one column.
• A combined footing may be rectangular or
trapezoidal in plan.
 STRAP FOOTING
• A Strap footing consists of two isolated
footings connected with a structural strap or
a lever. This strap connect the two footings
behave as a single unit.
• The strap act as a connecting beam and does
not take nay soil reaction.
 MAT FOUNDATIONS
• A mat or raft foundation is a large slab supporting
a number of columns and walls under the entire
structure or large part of the structure.
• A mat foundation is required
 when the allowable pressure is low
 where the walls are so close that individual
footing would overlap or nearly touch each other.
 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
The members to carry the loads
to the firm soil.

Df / B >1.0

• Pile Foundations
• Drilled Shaft Foundations
DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Pile Foundations
 Uses of Piles
• To resist horizontal loads in poor soil
• To resist uplift force
• To resist overturning force
• To compact cohessionless soil
 Methods of Transmission of load

• End bearing piles

• Friction piles
Thank You