RISK AND RETURN

Two Sides of the Investment Coin

 OUTLINE

• Return

• Risk– Unsystematic and systematic risk

•Quantifying risk and reduction of risk through

diversification

•Measurement of Systematic ( non-diversifiable) risk

• Security Market Line and its applications

 RETURN

• Return is the primary motivating force that drives

investment.

Computation of
1) Single period returns and
2) Multi period returns

Measurement of
1) Historical Returns and
2) Expected Return of a security as well as portfolio
 RISK

• Risk refers to the possibility that the actual outcome of

an investment will deviate from its expected outcome.

• The three major sources of risk are : business risk,

interest rate risk, and market risk.

• Modern portfolio theory looks at risk from a different

perspective. It divides total risk as follows.

Total Unique Market

risk = risk + risk
( Unsystematic) ( Systematic)
 MEASURING HISTORICAL RISK
n
 (Ri - R)2 1/2

t =1
 =
n -1
PERIOD RETURN DEVIATAION SQUARE OF DEVIATION
Ri (Ri - R) (Ri - R)2
1 15 5 25
2 12 2 4
3 20 10 100
4 -10 -20 400
5 14 4 16
6 9 -1 1
 Ri = 60  (Ri - R)2 = 536
R = 10
 (Ri - R)2
2 = = 107.2  = [107.2]1/2 = 10.4
n -1
 MEASURING EXPECTED (EX ANTE)
RETURN AND RISK
EXPECTED RATE OF RETURN
n
E (R) =  pi Ri
i=1
STANDARD DEVIATION OF RETURN
 = [ pi (Ri - E(R) )2]

Bharat Foods Stock

i. State of the
Economy pi Ri piRi Ri-E(R) (Ri-E(R))2 pi(Ri-E(R))2
1. Boom 0.30 16 4.8 4.5 20.25 6.075
2. Normal 0.50 11 5.5 -0.5 0.25 0.125
3. Recession 0.20 6 1.2 -5.5 30.25 6.050
E(R ) = piRi = 11.5 pi(Ri –E(R))2 =12.25
σ = [pi(Ri-E(R))2]1/2 = (12.25)1/2 = 3.5%
 PORTFOLIO EXPECTED RETURN
n
E(RP) =  wi E(Ri)
i=1
where E(RP) = expected portfolio return
wi = weight assigned to security i
E(Ri) = expected return on security i
n = number of securities in the portfolio
Example A portfolio consists of four securities with expected returns
of 12%, 15%, 18%, and 20% respectively. The proportions of
portfolio value invested in these securities are 0.2, 0.3, 0.3, and 0.20
respectively.
The expected return on the portfolio is:
E(RP) = 0.2(12%) + 0.3(15%) + 0.3(18%) + 0.2(20%)
= 16.3%
 PORTFOLIO RISK AND REDUCTION OF RISK
THROUGH DIVERSIFICATION

The risk of a portfolio is measured by the variance (or

standard deviation) of its return. Although the expected
return on a portfolio is the weighted average of the
expected returns on the individual securities in the
portfolio, portfolio risk is not the weighted average of the
risks of the individual securities in the portfolio (except
when the returns from the securities are uncorrelated).
 MEASUREMENT OF COMOVEMENTS
IN SECURITY RETURNS

• To develop the equation for calculating portfolio risk we

need information on weighted individual security risks
and weighted comovements between the returns of
securities included in the portfolio.

• Comovements between the returns of securities are

measured by covariance (an absolute measure) and
coefficient of correlation (a relative measure).
 COVARIANCE

COV (Ri , Rj) = p1 [Ri1 – E(Ri)] [ Rj1 – E(Rj)]

+ p2 [Ri2 – E(Rj)] [Rj2 – E(Rj)]

+
••
••

+ pn [Rin – E(Ri)] [Rjn – E(Rj)]

 ILLUSTRATION
The returns on assets 1 and 2 under five possible states of nature are given below

State of nature Probability Return on asset 1 Return on asset 2

1 0.10 -10% 5%
2 0.30 15 12
3 0.30 18 19
4 0.20 22 15
5 0.10 27 12

The expected return on asset 1 is :

E(R1) = 0.10 (-10%) + 0.30 (15%) + 0.30 (18%) + 0.20 (22%) + 0.10 (27%) = 16%

The expected return on asset 2 is :

E(R2) = 0.10 (5%) + 0.30 (12%) + 0.30 (19%) + 0.20 (15%) + 0.10 (12%) = 14%

The covariance between the returns on assets 1 and 2 is calculated below :

State of Probability Return on Deviation of Return on Deviation of Product of the
nature asset 1 the return on asset 2 the return on deviations
asset 1 from its asset 2 from times
mean its mean probability
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (2) x (4) x (6)

1 0.10 -10% -26% 5% -9% 23.4

2 0.30 15% -1% 12% -2% 0.6
3 0.30 18% 2% 19% 5% 3.0
4 0.20 22% 6% 15% 1% 1.2
5 0.10 27% 11% 12% -2% -2.2
Sum = 26.0

Thus the covariance between the returns on the two assets is 26.0.
 CO EFFIENT OF CORRELATION
Cov (Ri , Rj)
Cor (Ri , Rj) or ij =
 (Ri , Rj)
ij
=
i j
ij = ij . i . j
where ij = correlation coefficient between the returns on
securities i and j
ij = covariance between the returns on securities
i and j
i , j = standard deviation of the returns on securities
i and j
 PORTFOLIO RISK : 2 – SECURITY CASE

p = [w12 12 + w22 22 + 2w1w2 12 1 2]½

Example : w1 = 0.6 , w2 = 0.4,

1 = 10%, 2 = 16%
12 = 0.5
p = [0.62 x 102 + 0.42 x 162 +2 x 0.6 x 0.4 x 0.5 x 10 x 16]½
= 10.7%

The average standard deviation of two securities is 13,

which is less than standard deviation of the portfolio,
which is 10. Thus diversification reduces risk.
 PORTFOLIO RISK : n – SECURITY CASE

p = [   wi wj ij i j ] ½
Example : w1 = 0.5 , w2 = 0.3, and w3 = 0.2
1 = 10%, 2 = 15%, 3 = 20%
12 = 0.3, 13 = 0.5, 23 = 0.6
p = [w12 12 + w22 22 + w32 32 + 2 w1 w2 12 1 2
+ 2w2 w3 13 1 3 + 2w2 w3 232 3] ½
= [0.52 x 102 + 0.32 x 152 + 0.22 x 202
+ 2 x 0.5 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 10 x 15
+ 2 x 0.5 x 0.2 x 05 x 10 x 20
+ 2 x 0.3 x 0.2 x 0.6 x 15 x 20] ½
= 10.79%
 RISK OF AN N - ASSET PORTFOLIO

2p =   wi wj ij i j

n x n MATRIX
1 2 3 … n

1 w12σ12 w1w2ρ12σ1σ2 w1w3ρ13σ1σ3 … w1wnρ1nσ1σn

2 w2w1ρ21σ2σ1 w22σ22 w2w3ρ23σ2σ3 … w2wnρ2nσ2σn

3 w3w1ρ31σ3σ1 w3w2ρ32σ3σ2 w32σ32 …

: : :

n wnw1ρn1σnσ1 wn2σn2
 MEASUREMENT OF SYSTEMATIC RISK

CALCULATION OF BETA
Beta– It is the share’s sensitivity to market movements. In simple words, It indicates how much the

scrip moves for the unit change in the market index. It can be positive or negative. Negative beta

indicates that the share moves in the opposite direction of the market

Rit = i + i RMt + eit

iM
i =
M 2
 CALCULATION OF BETA

Square of the
Return on Deviation of Deviation of Product of the
Return on deviation of
Period market return on stock A return on market deviation,
stock A, RA return on market
portfolio, RM from its mean portfolio from its (RA - RA)
portfolio from its
(RA - RA) mean (RM - RM) (RM - RM)
mean
(RM - RM)2
1 10 12 0 3 0 9
2 15 14 5 5 25 25
3 18 13 8 4 32 16
4 14 10 4 1 4 1
5 16 9 6 0 0 0
6 16 13 6 4 24 16
7 18 14 8 5 40 25
8 4 7 -6 -2 12 4
9 -9 1 -19 -8 152 64
10 14 12 4 3 12 9
11 15 -11 5 -20 -100 400
12 14 16 4 7 28 49
13 6 8 -4 -1 4 1
14 7 7 -3 -2 6 4
15 -8 10 -18 1 -18 1
RA = 150 RM = 135 (RA - RA) (RM - RM) 2
RA =10 RM = 9 (RM - RM) = 221 = 624
So Beta = 221/624 =.3541
 SECURITY MARKET LINE
E(RM) - Rf
E(Ri ) = Rf + CiM
M 
iM
βi =
M
E (R i ) = R f + [ E (R M) - R f ] β i
EXPECTED •P
RETURN SML
14%

8% •0

ALPHA = EXPECTED - FAIR

RETURN RETURN

1.0 β
Important practical applications of Security Market Line –

1) Evaluation of performance of portfolio managers.

2) To test market efficiency
3) To identify undervalued securities
THANK YOU