CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT

MANAGEMENT
Introduction
• Construction in India
• Second largest industry, after agriculture
• Provides employment to 33 million people
• Integral part of the country’s infrastructure and industrial development
• Constitutes 5 – 6 % of India’s GDP
• Faces problems due to
• Time and cost overruns
• Dispute in various contracts
• Construction Industry – big role in development of nation
• Current problems need to be studied and adequate remedial measures adopted

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A Construction Project
• Project – temporary endeavour undertaken to provide a unique
product or service

• A Construction Project
• Product – Building / Facility Created
• Service – Design, Planning, Execution etc.

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Unique features of a construction project
(What differentiates it from other projects)

• One time activity – must be performed correctly the first time, every time
• Complexity – Multi-disciplinary, as it involves a set of inter-related tasks to be done by
specialists
• High cost and time for execution
• High risk of failure
• Difficulty in defining quality standards
• Uniqueness of people relationship
• Feedback Mechanism
• Lack of experience of client or owner
• Untrained work force

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Phases of a Construction Project
• Pre-Project Phase
• Project Phase
• Post-Project Phase

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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Pre-Project Phase

i) Initiation or Idea Phase

• To identify all projects based on examination of needs
• Examination of possible options

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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Pre-Project Phase

ii) Project Concept Phase

• Identification of certain project concepts
• Using some selection procedure (in line with the objectives of the
organization that intends to employ them) several concepts are selected
• Very important phase – affects the final cost of the project
• Most uncertainties encountered in this phase
• Selected project concepts are used as inputs for the feasibility phase
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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Pre-Project Phase

iii) Feasibility Phase

• Identification of certain project concepts
• Using some selection procedure (in line with the objectives of the
organization that intends to employ them) several concepts are selected
• Very important phase – affects the final cost of the project
• Most uncertainties encountered in this phase
• Selected project concepts are used as inputs for the feasibility phase
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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Tasks related to Pre-Project Phase
1) Assigning a task force to conduct preliminary studies for the
proposed project
2) Studying the user’s requirements
3) Defining the technical specifications and conditions that determine
the quality of the required work
4) Studying how to secure funds to finance the project
5) Estimation of project cost and duration
6) Approval of project cost
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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Tasks related to Pre-Project Phase (Contd.)

7) Studying and determining the technical specifications of the materials

8) Studying the impact of the project on the safety and health of the
community and environment
9) Establishing criteria for selection of project location
10) Advising members of the task force on the approved funds for the
project
11) Establishing milestones for the project for review and approval
12) Describing the responsibilities and authority of project parties
13) Establishing design criteria for structural specifications
14) Conducting a feasibility study of the proposed project
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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Project Phase
• Also referred to as the project implementation phase.
• Can be broken down into 5 sub-phases

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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Project Phase

i) Basic Design Phase

• Carried out by an engineering organization or architect
• Documentation for tendering and contracting done
• Basic design calculations, preparing tender drawings, preparing design and material
specification
• Changes, if any, from initial scope of work is recorded
• Regular design and specification review meetings held
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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Project Phase

ii) Detailed Design Phase

• Detailed design – carried out in house or through contracting
• In case of ‘item rate’ contract – detailed design required before starting the project
• In case of ‘design build’ contract or ‘lump sum’ contract – tendering process can
start after basic design itself.

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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Project Phase

iii) Tendering Phase

• Tenders are issued if it is decided to execute the project through contracting
• Preparation of clear and precise documents is essential to eliminate any dispute about
scope of work at the contract stage
• Tender preparation includes –
• Preparing specifications and agreement conditions
• Preparing bill of quantities
• Estimating the contract value
• Issuing the tender documents to the interested applicants
• Holding meetings
• Receiving bids and evaluating them 14
Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Project Phase

iii) Tendering Phase (Contd)

• After bids are evaluated, recommendations are made for the successful contractor,
and approvals sought for placing a contract
• Finally, contract is awarded

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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Project Phase

iv) Execution (or Construction) Phase

• Begins immediately after contract is awarded
• In the case where detailed drawings are not available as part of tender document,
contractor proceeds with preparation of detailed design drawings
• In some cases, preparation of detailed design and construction needs to proceed
simultaneously
• After construction started, progress is closely monitored and regularly meetings are held
with contractor to assess cost and schedule
• Variations in cost, quality and schedule are noted and corrective measures are taken to
bring them to desired level.
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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Project Phase

v) Closure (or Completion phase)

• Major equipment are tested and commissioned
• Constructed facility is handed over to client for use
• Client issues approval of work and a completion certificate after all the work has
been checked and found to be in order

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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Tasks related to Project Phase
1. Design related tasks
2. Tendering and Construction related tasks

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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Tasks related to Project Phase

1. Design related tasks

a) Arranging the documents of construction contract

b) Qualifying of design professionals
c) Performing technical and financial analysis of offers from competing
contractors
d) Selecting the design team
e) Negotiating with the qualified design professionals
f) Providing the qualified design professionals with the needed information
g) Monitoring design progress of proposed project
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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Tasks related to Project Phase (Contd.)

1. Design related tasks (Contd.)

h) Evaluating the design and making the necessary decisions

i) Updating design documents
j) Reviewing design documents
k) Conducting design peer review
l) Monitoring design quality
m) Updating drawings and specifications to reflect the requirements of location or
environment
n) Using technical standards ( IS, BS etc.) to describe material quality and construction
methods
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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Tasks related to Project Phase

2. Tendering and Construction related tasks

a) Pre-qualifying contractors
b) Holding a pre – bid conference and providing the necessary information
c) Negotiating contract price with qualified contractor
d) Reviewing at frequent intervals, the documents provided by the contractor (eg:
work schedules, manpower qualifications, equipment)
e) Interpreting and clarifying ambiguities in the contract documents
f) Taking necessary precautions to prevent loss of project data
g) Making necessary decisions against contractor claims during project
implementation
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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Tasks related to Project Phase (Contd.)

2. Tendering and Construction related tasks(Contd.)

h) Monitoring and controlling implementation methods, cost, schedule and

contractor productivity
i) Enforcing quality and safety principles during project implementation
j) Assigning personnel to supervise, monitor and control the implementation of
quality
k) Establishing and enforcing quality assurance programme
l) Conducting regular visits to project site
m) Establishing acceptance criteria
n) Receiving record (as-built) contract drawings and specifications
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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Post - Project Phase
• Also referred to as the turnover phase or start-up phase
• Responsibility of the materialized deliverable is transferred by the
engineer(s)/architect(s) to the owner

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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Post - Project Phase

i) Utilization Phase
• Client or end-user makes use of the finished product
• Performance of the constructed facility is monitored at regular
intervals, and maintenance at regular intervals is performed

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Phases of a Construction Project (Contd.)
Post - Project Phase

ii) Close-down Phase

• Once the project has lived its intended life, it is dismantled and
disposed off

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Significance of the different project phases
Phases of a construction project -
• decide the relative importance to be assigned to various project
performance attributes in its life cycle
• Govern the importance of various project success criteria
• Decide the different skill requirements of a project manager

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DETAILED PROJECT REPORT (DPR)
• From the pre-feasibility study – either the project owner gives
approval for the investment or for a request to prepare a DPR

• Preparation of a DPR is a costly and time-consuming job (can extend

upto one year)

• Reports of specialists from different streams like market research,

engineering, finance etc. are considered in the preparation of a DPR

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OBJECTIVES OF DPR
1. The report should be with sufficient details to indicate the fate of
the project when implemented

2. The report should meet the questions raised during the project
appraisals, i.e the various types of analyses like financial, economic,
technical, social etc.

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Contents of DPR
1. Brief history of the project and reference to the proposals
2. Object and necessity, utility and feasibility of the project with reasons
3. Descriptions of the works forming part of the project
4. Selection of site or selection of alignment
5. Details about survey work carried out.
6. Topography of the land, orientation, sub-soil data etc
7. General specifications and basic design calculations
8. Arrangements for water supply, sanitary works and electrical installations

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Contents of DPR (Contd.)
9. Roads and drains
10. Availability of materials for construction and both skilled and unskilled
labour
11. Special plant and machinery needed for the project
12. Means of transport of materials and machinery to site
13. Labour amenities, temporary accommodation for the supervising staff
and engineering offices, and storage accommodation
14. Time for execution
15. Manner of execution (labour or contract system)
16. Total cost and how the project is proposed to be financed
17. Return or revenue income if any

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Contents of DPR (Contd.)
The report should also contain Appendices, showing
a) The salient features of the project
b) Statistical data, if any
c) Statements, tables and charts, if any
d) Maps, photographs giving necessary physical data
e) Detailed plans and estimates
f) Schedule of rates used for finding the cost of works

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PROJECT MANAGEMENT
• Highly specialized job
• Consists of the following three phases
1. Project Planning
2. Project Scheduling
3. Project Controlling
• First two phases are completed before the actual beginning of the
project.
• The third phase is operative during the execution of the project

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PROJECT MANAGEMENT (Contd.)
1. Project Planning

It is important because,

• It provides direction
• It provides unifying frame-work
• It helps to reveal future opportunities and threats
• It provides performance standards

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PROJECT MANAGEMENT (Contd.)
1. Project Planning (Contd.)

Steps in Project Planning

1. DEFINE OBJECTIVES
2. ESTABLISH GOALS
3. DEVELOP MEANS OF ACHIEVING GOALS
4. EVALUATE RESOURCES
5. DETERMINE ALTERNATIVES
6. TEST FOR CONSISTENCY
7. CHOOSE AN ALTERNATIVE
8. DECIDE ON A PLAN
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT (Contd.)
2. Project Scheduling

• Allocation of resources – time and cost

• Laying out of actual activities of the project in time order, in which they are to
be performed
• Calculating the manpower and material requirements, needed at each stage of
production, along with expected completion time for each activity

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PROJECT MANAGEMENT (Contd.)
2. Project Scheduling (Contd.)

 Steps in Project Scheduling

1. CALCULATE
2. ASSIGN TIMINGS
3. CONSIDER RESOURCES
4. ALLOCATE RESOURCES

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PROJECT MANAGEMENT (Contd.)
3. Project Controlling

• Reviewing difference between schedule and actual performance, once the

project has begun
• To determine deviations from the basic plan – to study the precise effects of
these deviations on the plan – and to replan and reschedule

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PROJECT MANAGEMENT (Contd.)
3. Project Controlling (Contd.)

 Steps in Project Controlling

1. ESTABLISH TARGETS
2. MEASURE PERFORMANCE
3. IDENTIFY DEVIATIONS
4. SELECT CORRECTIVE MEASURES

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