CHAPTER 12: HOW ANIMALS

SURVIVE
 Objectives:
a.) Explain the different metabolic processes
involved in the human organ systems.
b.) Describe the general and unique
characteristics of the different organ systems
in representative animals.
c.) Analyze and appreciate the functional
relationships of the different organ systems in
ensuring animal survival.
 Metabolism
• the sum of the chemical reactions that take
place within each cell of a living organism and
that provide energy for vital processes and for
synthesizing new organic material.
 Metabolic Pathway
• is a linked series of chemical reactions
occurring within a cell. The reactants,
products, and intermediates of an enzymatic
reaction are known as metabolites, which are
modified by a sequence of chemical reactions
catalyzed by enzymes.
 Stages of Metabolism:
1. Catabolism – is the breakdown phase.
Complex substances broken down into
simpler substances
2. Anabolism – is the building phase. Simple
compounds build up for growth, repair, and
reproduction.
 Cellular Respiration
• A major pathway of catabolism in which sugar,
glucose, and other organic fuels are broken
down in the presence of oxygen and produce
carbon dioxide and water.
METABOLISM
 NUTRITION
• Refers to the activities by which living things
obtain raw materials from the environment
and transport them into their cells.
• The chemical substances that organisms need
in order to grow nd function properly.
 NUTRIENTS
Organic Nutrients Inorganic Nutrients
• Carbohydrates • Minerals
• Proteins • Water
• Fats
• Vitamins
 GASTROINTESTINAL CAVITY
• Functions in digestion as well as in the
distribution of nutrients inside the body
• The digestive compartment with a single
opening
 GAS EXCHANGE
• RESPIRATION
- is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between an organism and its environment
 TWO MAJOR PROCESSES OF
RESPIRATION
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION INTERNAL RESPIRATION
• The exchange of gases • The exchange of gases
between the lungs and the between the red blood cells
red blood cells and cells that make up the
various body tissues.
 CIRCULATION
• Hemolymph – the circulatory fluid in animals.
 TH PROCESS OF EXCRETION IIN
VERTEBRATES
1. Filtration – The excretory tubule collects a
filtrate from the blood.
2. Reabsorption – The transport epithelium
reclaims valuable substances from the filtrate
and returns them to the body fluids.
3. Secretion – Other substances such as toxins
and excess ions are extracted from body fluids
and added to the contents of the excretory
tubule.
4. Excretion – The altered filtrate (urine) leaves
the system and body.
 IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Pathogens – are infectious agents that cause
disease.