Revision

Revision
Normal line
Incident Ray :
◦ A ray of light that is falling on a surface.

Incident ray
Incident point:
The point where the incident ray
Strikes the surface .
Incident point
 Revision
Normal line
Reflected ray :
The ray of light which is reflected by
the surface . Reflected ray
Incident ray

Incident point
Topic : Refraction
OBJECTIVES:
 REFRACTION.
 INDEX OF REFRACTION.
 LAW OF REFRACTION.
 SNELL’S LAW
 Definition of refraction.
The bending of light as it travels from
one medium to another
medium.
 Two conditions of refraction
1) When light enters from less dense medium to more denser
medium it bends towards the normal line.
•Light rays reflect and refract.
•If the light slows down, it bends toward
•Angles are measured with the normal line.
•Light rays are reversible.
Two conditions of refraction
2) When light enters from more dense medium to less denser medium it bends
away from the normal line.
•Light rays reflect and refract.
•If the light speeds up, it bends away from
normal line.
•Angles are measured with the normal line.
•Light rays are reversible.
Ray Diagrams
We can find index of refraction with the help
of incident angle and reflected angle also.
•When light enters from less dens medium to more denser medium then its
formula will be
𝑠𝑖𝑛Ɵ𝑖
n=
𝑠𝑖𝑛Ɵ𝑟

or
𝑠𝑖𝑛"𝑖"
n=
𝑠𝑖𝑛"𝑟"
We can find index of refraction with the help
of incident angle and reflected angle also.
When light enters from less
dens medium to more
denser medium then its formula
will be
𝑠𝑖𝑛Ɵ𝑟
n=
𝑠𝑖𝑛Ɵ𝑖

or
𝑠𝑖𝑛"𝑟"
n=
𝑠𝑖𝑛"𝑖"
Law of refraction.

c = 3  108 m/s
v is always less than c, so n >1 for all media.
nair = 1.000293
n is dimensionless.
n is a measure of the optical density of a material.
Indices of Refraction
Snell’s Law

Angles must be measured with

the normal.
When refraction doesn’t occur?
1. If the refractive indices are same in both medias then there will be no refraction and light will
pass without any refraction.
index of refraction for first medium = index of refraction for the second medium

2. And when the incident ray is striking perpendicular to one media to another the light will pass
without any refraction.
Types of depths
Real Depth and Apparent Depth.
An object placed in a denser medium, when viewed from rarer medium appears to be at a
lesser depth than its real depth due to refraction of light.
Classroom Practice Problems
Find the angle of refraction of a light ray entering diamond from water at an
angle of 30.00° with the normal.

A light ray traveling through air strikes an unknown substance at 60.00° and
forms an angle of 41.42° with the normal inside. What material is it?