A

SEMINOR ON
SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURS
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Hydrogen fuel cells
 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle infrastructure
 Hydrogen sources
 Applications of fuel cell technology
 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle issues
 Benefits of hybrid fuel cell vehicle
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 References
 INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its onboard
fuel for motive power. Hydrogen vehicles include hydrogen-fueled
space rockets, as well as automobiles and other transportation
vehicles. The power plants of such vehicles convert the chemical
energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy either by burning hydrogen
in an internal combustion engine, or by reacting hydrogen with
oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors. Widespread use of
hydrogen for fueling transportation is a key element of a proposed
hydrogen economy.
 HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
 “An old idea whose time has come’’ fuel cells invented
in 1838 by swiss scientist Christian friedrich schonbein.
 No pollution emitted.
 PEM FCs ideal for light-duty vehicles, buildings &
much smaller applications.
 Fuel cells are similar to batteries, but designed for
continuous replenishment of energy via external fuel.
 Many different types of fuel cells, most common will
likely be the PEM FC.
 Hydrogen and oxygen in, water vapour and liquid water
out.
 Typical output is about 0.8 volts.
 On the a node side, hydrogen diffuses to
the anode catalyst where it dissociates
into protons and electrons.
 The protons are conducted through the
membrane to the cathode,but the electrons
are forced to travel in an external circuit
(supplying power) because the membrane
is electricity insulating.
 On the cathode catalyst, oxygen
molecules react with the electrons (which
have travelled through the external
circuit) and protons to form water.
 In this example, the only waste product is
water vapour and/ or liquid water.
 HYDROGEN F.C VEHICLE
INFRASTRUCTURE
• HYDROGEN PRODUCTION.
 Almost all of the hydrogen produced
in the U.S. today is by steam
reforming of natural gas.
 Produce hydrogen from new nuclear
power reactors.
 R & D into several new methods:
o Biological water splitting.
o Photo electrochemical water
splitting.
o Reforming of biomass and wastes.
o Solar thermal water splitting.
o Renewable electrolysis.
HYDROGEN SOURCES
WELL WHEEL APPROACH FOR FOSSIL FUELS

from Refinement

to Distribution

to Car
WELL TO WHEEL APPROACH FOR ELECTRICITY

from Generation via Transmission

to Car
and Distribution
 HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLE ISSUES

 While fuel cells are potentially highly efficient, three major obstacles
exist in the development of a fuel cell-powered hydrogen car.
 The first problem is that hydrogen has a very low density.
 Even when the fuel is stored as a liquid in a pressurized tank as a gas,
the amount of energy that can be stored in the space available is
limited.
 The second major problem that used to plague hydrogen fuel cells
involves the high cost of making reliable fuel cells that would provide
electric power in a hydrogen car.
 The third “problem” is due to the fact that while hydrogen can be
used as an energy carrier, it is not an energy source.it still must be
produced from fossil fuels,or from some other energy source, with a
net loss of energy
 HYDROGEN HYBRID CAR
 Hydrogen gives energy storage.
 Microcab-fuel cell recharges battery.
 Smaller battery.

BENEFITS OF HYBRID F.C VEHICLE

 Small fuel cell

 Lighter+ cheaper batteries
 No deep discharge;long life
 Fast refuel.
MICROCAB & HYDROGEN STATION
 FUEL ECONOMY OF MAJOR F.C VEHICLES

2.5

2.0
Fuel consumption (MJ/km)

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Vehicle mass (kg)
 ADVANTAGES:

 Components and design can be very similar to conventional

gasoline engines.
 Produces no direct carbon emissions from combustion.
 Performs well under harsh weather conditions.
 DISADVANTAGES:
 The large storage tanks can compromise vehicle cargo space.
 Can produce slightly higher nitrogen oxide emissions
compared to conventional vehicles.
 Hydrogen refueling infrastructure is limited at this time.
 APPLICATIONS OF FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY

 Cars
 Buses
 Space Travel & Exploration
 Airplanes
 Submarines
 Off-grid Power Supply
 Combined Heat & Power
 CONCLUSION
 Electric cars are coming.
 CABLED project is demonstrating.
 Hydrogen cars can solve problems
Long range
Rapid refill
 REFERENCES
 www.ijsr.net/hydrogen.
 www.journals.Elsevier.com.
 www.sciencedirect.com.
 www.researchgate.net.