Atoms, Ions and Molecules

Nomenclature
Naming Compounds
Valence Electrons
• Valence electrons are the electrons in the

highest occupied energy level of the atom.
• Valence electrons are the only electrons

generally involved in bond formation.
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Naming Compounds
Electron Configuration of Sodium
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
• Which is the valence electron for Na?
• Answer: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
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Na + , 10e
Naming Compounds
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Na + , 10e
Naming Compounds
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Naming Compounds
• Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms,

with a charge (positive or negative)
– They have different numbers of protons
and electrons.
• Only electrons can move, and ions
are made by gaining or losing
electrons.
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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6

Naming Compounds
An Anion is…
• A negative ion.
• Has gained electrons.
• Nonmetals can gain electrons.
• Charge is written as a superscript on the right.
F1-
Has gained one electron (-ide is new ending =
fluoride)
O2- Gained two electrons (oxide)
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Naming Compounds A Cation is…
l A positive ion.
l Formed by losing electrons.
l More protons than electrons.
l Metals can lose electrons
K1+ Has lost one electron (no name change for

positive ions)
Ca2+ Has lost two electrons
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A Positive Ion (Cation):
Naming Compounds
• An atom that has lost one or

more electrons.
• + charge
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Naming Compounds
Binary Compounds are composed of two types of

elements such as H2O or KBr, not necessarily just
two atoms. Diatomic molecules consist of two
atoms of the same type such as H2 and O2.
1. Binary Ionic Compounds
Metal—nonmetal such as NaCl and CaCl2.
2. Binary Covalent Compounds
Nonmetal—nonmetal such as H2O and CO2
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10
Naming Compounds
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 1A: Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions
H1+ Li1+ Na1+ K1+ Rb1+
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Naming Compounds
Group 2A: Loses 2 electrons to form 2+ ions
Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+
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Naming Compounds
Group 3A: Loses 3
B3+ Al3+ Ga3+
electrons to form
3+ ions
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Naming Compounds
Neither! Group 4A elements rarely Group 4A: Do they lose 4
form ions (they tend to share) electrons or gain 4 electrons?
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Naming Compounds
Predicting
N3-
Ionic Charges
Nitride
Group 5A: Gains 3
P3- Phosphide electrons to form
3- ions
As3- Arsenide
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Naming Compounds
Group 7A: Gains 1 electron
F1- Fluoride Br1- Bromide to form
1- ions
Cl1- Chloride I1- Iodide
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Naming Compounds
Group 8A: Stable noble gases
do not form ions!
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Naming Compounds
Group B elements: Many transition elements
have more than one possible oxidation state.
Note the use of Roman numerals to show charges Iron (II) = Fe2+
Iron (III) = Fe3+
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Naming Compounds
Naming cations
• Two methods can clarify when more
than one charge is possible:
1) Stock system – uses roman
numerals in parenthesis to indicate
the numerical value
2) Classical method – uses root word
with suffixes (-ous, -ic)
• Does not give true value
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Naming Compounds
Naming cations
• We will use the Stock system.
• Cation - if the charge is always the
same (like in the Group A metals) just
write the name of the metal.
• Transition metals can have more
than one type of charge.
– Indicate their charge as a roman
numeral in parenthesis after the name
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Naming Compounds
Some of the post-transition elements also
have more than one possible oxidation state.
Tin (II) = Sn2+ Lead (II) = Pb2+

Tin (IV) = Sn4+ Lead (IV) = Pb 4+
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Naming Compounds
Group B elements: Some transition elements
have only one possible oxidation state, such as these three:
Silver = Ag1+ Zinc = Zn2+ Cadmium = Cd2+
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Naming Compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)

1. The cation is always named first and the
anion second.
2. A monatomic cation takes its name from
the name of the parent element.
3. A monatomic anion is named by taking
the root of the element name and adding
–ide.
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Naming Compounds
Naming Ionic Compounds
• 1. Name the cation first, then anion
• 2. Monatomic cation = name of the
element
Ca2+ = calcium ion
• 3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide

Cl- = chloride
CaCl2 = calcium chloride
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Naming Compounds

• Examples:
KCl Potassium chloride
MgBr2 Magnesium bromide
CaO Calcium oxide
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Naming Compounds
Chemical Nomenclature
• Ionic Compounds
– often a metal + nonmetal
– anion (nonmetal), add “ide” to element name
BaCl barium chloride

2
K O potassium oxide
2
Mg(OH) magnesium hydroxide
2
KNO potassium nitrate
3
2.7
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Naming Compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)

• Metals in these compounds form more than
one type of positive charge.
• Charge on the metal ion must be specified.
• Roman numeral indicates the charge of the
metal cation.
• Transition metal cations usually require a
Roman numeral.
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Naming Compounds
• Transition metal ionic compounds
– indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals
FeCl 2 Cl- -2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride

2
FeCl 3 Cl- -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride

3
Cr S 3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide

2 3
2.7
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Metals(memorize these!!)
Naming Compounds
From Zumdahl HD book – NOT in AP book!!!
Use the
names,
possible
the
homewo
worksh
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Naming Compounds
Molecular Compounds
• Molecular compounds
– composed of molecules that contain more than
one type of atom
– Most molecular substances are composed of

non-metals only.
• Examples:
– Water (H2O)
– Ethyl alcohol (C2H6O)
– Carbon dioxide (CO2)
– Ammonia (NH3) Return to TOC
Naming Compounds
• Molecular compounds
– nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids
– common names
• H2O, NH3, CH4, C60
– element further left in periodic table is 1st
– element closest to bottom of group is 1st
– if more than one compound can be formed
from the same elements, use prefixes to
indicate number of each kind of atom
– last element ends in ide
2.7
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Naming Compounds
Naming cations
• Two methods can clarify when more
than one charge is possible:
1) Stock system – uses roman
numerals in parenthesis to indicate
the numerical value
2) Classical method – uses root word
with suffixes (-ous, -ic)
• Does not give true value
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Molecular Compounds
Naming Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide
NF nitrogen trifluoride
3
SO sulfur dioxide
2
N Cl dinitrogen tetrachloride
2 4
NO nitrogen dioxide TOXIC!

2
N O dinitrogen monoxide Laughing Gas
2
2.7
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Naming Compounds
Chemical Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
 Bonds form between atoms by sharing
electrons.
 Resulting collection of atoms is called a
molecule.
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Naming Compounds
Exceptions:
• Some of the transition metals have only

one ionic charge:
– Do not need to use roman numerals for
these:
– Silver is always 1+ (Ag1+)
– Cadmium and Zinc are always 2+ (Cd2+
and Zn2+)
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Naming Compounds
Binary Covalent Compounds (Type III)

• Formed between two nonmetals.
1. The first element in the formula is named
first, using the full element name.
2. The second element is named as if it were
an anion (-ide).
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers
of atoms present.
4. The prefix mono- is never used for
naming the first element.
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Naming Compounds
Prefixes Used to
Indicate Number in
Chemical Names
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Naming Compounds

• Examples:
CO2 Carbon dioxide
SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide
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Naming Compounds
Practice by naming these:
• Na1+
• Ca2+
• Al3+
• Fe3+
• Fe2+
• Pb2+
• Li1+
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Naming Compounds
Write symbols for these:
• Potassium ion
• Magnesium ion
• Copper (II) ion
• Chromium (VI) ion
• Barium ion
• Mercury (II) ion
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Naming Compounds
Naming Anions
• Anions are always the same

charge
• Change the monatomic element
ending to – ide
• F1- a Fluorine atom will become
a Fluoride ion.
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Naming Compounds
• Cl1-
•N 3-
• Br1-
• O2-
• Ga 3+
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Naming Compounds
Write symbols for these:
• Sulfide ion
• Iodide ion
• Phosphide ion
• Strontium ion
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Naming Compounds
Polyatomic Ions
• Definition
•tightly bound groups of
atoms that behave as a unit
and carry a charge.
• Example
2- - -
SO3 , NO2 , ClO2
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Naming Compounds
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Naming Compounds
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Naming Compounds
Polyatomic ions are…
• Groups of atoms that stay together and have an
overall charge, and one name.
• Usually end in –ate or -ite
• Acetate: C2H3O21-
• Nitrate: NO31-
• Nitrite: NO21-
• Permanganate: MnO4
1-
• Hydroxide: OH1- and Cyanide: CN1-?

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Naming Compounds
Know Table 9.3 on page 257
• Sulfate: SO42- • Phosphate: PO43-

• Sulfite: SO32- • Phosphite: PO33-
• Carbonate: CO32-
• Chromate: CrO4 2- • Ammonium: NH41+
(One of the few positive polyatomic
• Dichromate: Cr2O72- ions)
If the polyatomic ion begins with H, then combine the word hydrogen with the other polyatomic
ion present: H1+ + CO 2- → HCO 1-
hydrogen + carbonate → hydrogen 3 carbonate ion 3
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Naming Compounds
• 2+
Ca CO3-> • Calcium
2-
CaCO Carbonate
3
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Naming Compounds
• Calcium • Ca(NO3)2
Nitrate
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Naming Compounds
• Naming ionic compounds containing

polyatomic ions follows rules similar to those
for binary compounds.
 Ammonium acetate
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Naming Compounds
Examples
Mg(NO3)2
(NH4)2SO4
FePO4
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Naming Compounds
Examples
Mg(NO3)2 Magnesium nitrate
(NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulfate
FePO4 Iron(III) phosphate
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Naming Compounds
• Binary ionic compounds

contain positive cations
and negative anions.
 Type I compounds
• Metal present forms
only one cation.
 Type II compounds
• Metal present can
form 2 or more
cations with
different charges.
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Naming Compounds
Type I Compounds
Metals (Groups I, II, and III) and Non-Metals
Metal _________
Sodium + Non-Metal _________ide
Chlorine
Sodium Chloride NaCl
Metal _________
Calcium + Non-Metal _________ide
Bromide
Calcium Bromide CaBr2
Aluminum + Non-Metal _________ide

Metal _________ Oxide
Aluminum Oxide Al2O3
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Naming Compounds
Common Simple Cations and Anions
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Naming Compounds
Rules for Naming Type I Ionic Compounds

1. The cation is always named first and the anion
second.
2. A simple cation takes its name from the name
of the element.
3. A simple anion is named by taking the first part
of the element name (the root) and adding –ide.
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Naming Compounds
Writing Ionic Compound Formulas
Example: Barium nitrate (note the 2 word name)

1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion,
including CHARGES! Ba2+ ( NO ) - 2
3
2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
Not balanced!
Now balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use = Ba(NO )

parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.
32
Use the criss-cross method to balance subscripts.
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Naming Compounds
Example: Ammonium sulfate (note the 2 word name)

1. Write the formulas for the cation and ( NH )+ SO 2-
2
anion, including CHARGES!
4 4
Not balanced!
2. Check to see if charges are balanced. Now balanced.
= (NH ) SO
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts.
42 4
Use parentheses if you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross method to balance the
subscripts.
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Naming Compounds
Example: Iron (III) chloride (note the 2 word name)

including CHARGES! Fe3+ Cl-
3
Now balanced.
2. Check to see if charges are balanced. Not balanced!
= FeCl
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use
3
parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.
Use the criss-cross method to balance the subscripts.
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Naming Compounds
Example: Aluminum sulfide (note the 2 word name)
Al3+2 S2- 3
including CHARGES!

Not balanced!
Now balanced.
parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. = Al S
Use the criss-cross method to balance the subscripts. 2 3
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Naming Compounds
Example: Zinc hydroxide (note the 2 word name)
Zn2+ ( OH-)
including CHARGES!
2
Not balanced!
Now balanced.
parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion. = Zn(OH)
Use the criss-cross method to balance the subscripts. 2
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Naming Compounds
• 1. Name the cation first, then anion
• 2. Monatomic cation = name of the
element
Ca2+ = calcium ion
• 3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide

Cl- = chloride
CaCl2 = calcium chloride
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Naming Compounds
• Examples:
KCl Potassium chloride
MgBr2 Magnesium bromide
CaO Calcium oxide
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Naming Compounds
Exercise
What is the name of the compound SrBr2?
a) strontium bromine
b) sulfur bromide
c) strontium dibromide
d) strontium bromide
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Naming Compounds
Exercise
What is the name of the compound SrBr2?
a) strontium bromine
b) sulfur bromide
c) strontium dibromide
d) strontium bromide
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Naming Compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II) with Transition Metals
• Metals in these
compounds can form
more than one type of
positive charge.
• Charge on the metal ion
must be specified.
• Roman numeral
indicates the charge of
the metal cation.
• Transition metal cations
usually require a Roman
numeral.
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Naming Compounds
Type II Compounds
Metals (Transition Metals) and Non-Metals
Metal ______
Iron +Roman Numeral (__)
III + Non-Metal ________ide
Bromine
Iron (III) Bromide FeBr3
Compare with Iron (II) Bromide FeBr2
Metals (Transition Metals) and Non-Metals
Older System
Metal (Latin) _______

Ferrous + ous or ic + Non-Metal ________ide
Bromine
Ferrous Bromide FeBr2
Compare with Ferric Bromide FeBr3
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Naming Compounds
Things to look for:
1) If cations have ( ), the number
in parenthesis is their charge.
2) If anions end in -ide they are
probably off the periodic table
(Monoatomic)
3) If anion ends in -ate or –ite,
then it is polyatomic
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Naming Compounds
Common Type II Cations
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Naming Compounds
(Metals with multiple oxidation states)
• some metals can form more than one

charge (usually the transition metals)
• use a Roman numeral in their name:
PbCl2 – use the anion to find the charge
on the cation (chloride is always 1-)
Pb2+ is the lead (II) cation
PbCl2 = lead (II) chloride
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Naming Compounds
Rules for Naming Type II Ionic Compounds

1. The cation is always named first and the anion
second.
2. Because the cation can assume more than one
charge, the charge is specified by a Roman
numeral in parentheses.
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Naming Compounds
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)
• Examples:
CuBr Copper(I) bromide
FeS Iron(II) sulfide
PbO2 Lead(IV) oxide
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Naming Compounds
Exercise
What is the correct name of the compound that

results from the most stable ion for sulfur and
the metal ion that contains 24 electrons?
a) iron(III) sulfide
b) chromium(II) sulfide
c) nickel(III) sulfate
d) iron(II) sulfide
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Naming Compounds
Exercise
What is the correct name of the compound that

results from the most stable ion for sulfur and
the metal ion that contains 24 electrons?
a) iron(III) sulfide
b) chromium(II) sulfide
c) nickel(III) sulfate
d) iron(II) sulfide
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Naming Compounds
Rules for Naming Type III Binary Compounds

• Formed between two nonmetals.
1. The first element in the formula is named
first, and the full element name is used.
2. The second element is named as though
it were an anion.
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers
of atoms present.
4. The prefix mono- is never used for
naming the first element.
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Naming Compounds
Type III Compounds

Non-Metals and Non-Metals
Use Prefixes such as mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, etc.
CO2 Carbon dioxide CO Carbon monoxide

PCl3 Phosphorus trichloride CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride
N2O5 Dinitrogen pentoxide CS2 Carbon disulfide
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Naming Compounds
Molecular compounds are…
• made of just nonmetals
• smallest piece is a molecule
• can’t be held together by
opposite charge attraction
• can’t use charges to figure out
how many of each atom (there
are no charges present)
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Naming Compounds
• Molecular compounds: the name

tells you the number of atoms.
– Uses prefixes to tell you the exact
number of each element present!
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Naming Compounds
Additional Prefixes
Prefixes Used to Indicate
Numbers in Chemical Names 9 nona-
10 deca-
11 undeca-
12 dodeca-
13 trideca-
14 tetradeca-
15 pentadeca-
16 hexadeca-
17 heptadeca-
18 octadeca-
19 nonadeca-
20 icosa
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Naming Compounds
Prefixes
• To write the name, write two words:
Prefix name Prefix name -ide
• One exception is we don’t write mono if there is only

one of the first element.
• Normally, we do not have double vowels when writing
names (oa oo)
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Naming Compounds

= dinitrogen monoxide
(also called nitrous oxide or laughing gas)
• N2O
= nitrogen dioxide
• NO2
= dichlorine heptoxide
• Cl2O7
= carbon tetrabromide
• CBr4
= carbon dioxide
• CO2 (This one will not use prefixes, since it is an ionic compound!)
• BaCl2
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Naming Compounds
• Examples:
CO2 Carbon dioxide
SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide
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Naming Compounds
Write formulas for these:
• diphosphorus pentoxide
• tetraiodine nonoxide
• sulfur hexafluoride
• nitrogen trioxide
• carbon tetrahydride
• phosphorus trifluoride
•
(Ionic compound)
aluminum chloride
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Naming Compounds
Exercise
What is the name of the compound SeO2?
a) selenium oxide
b) selenium dioxide
c) selenium(II) oxide
d) selenium(IV) dioxide
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Naming Compounds
Flow Chart for Naming Binary Compounds
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Let’s Practice!
Naming Compounds
Name the following.
CaF2
K2S
CoI2
SnF2
SnF4
OF2
CuI2
CuI
SO2
SrS
LiBr
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Let’s Practice!
Naming Compounds
Name the following.
CaF2 Calcium Flouride
K2S Potassium Sulfide
CoI2 Cobalt (II) Iodide or Cobaltous Iodide
SnF2 Tin (II) Fluoride or Stannous Fluoride
SnF4 Tin (IV) Fluoride or Stannic Fluoride
OF2 Oxygen diflouride
CuI2 Copper (II) Iodide or Cupric Iodide
CuI Copper (I) Iodide or Cuprous Iodide
SO2 Sulfur dioxide
SrS Strontium Sulfide
LiBr Lithium Bromide
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Naming Compounds
• Polyatomic ions are charged entities composed

of several atoms bound together.
• They have special names and must be
memorized.
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Naming Compounds
Names of Common Polyatomic Ions (page 101)
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90
Naming Compounds
• Naming ionic compounds containing

polyatomic ions follows rules similar to those
for binary compounds.
 Ammonium acetate
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Naming Compounds
Examples
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
Mg(NO3)2 Magnesium nitrate
(NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulfate
FePO4 Iron(III) phosphate
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Naming Compounds
Practice by writing the formula or name as
required…
• Iron (II) Phosphate

• Stannous Fluoride
• Potassium Sulfide
• Ammonium Chromate
• MgSO4
• FeCl3
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Naming Compounds
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Naming Compounds
Overall Strategy for Naming Chemical Compounds
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Naming Compounds
Exercise
What is the name of the compound KClO3?
a) potassium chlorite
b) potassium chlorate
c) potassium perchlorate
d) potassium carbonate
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Naming Compounds
Exercise
What is the name of the compound KClO3?
a) potassium chlorite
b) potassium chlorate
c) potassium perchlorate
d) potassium carbonate
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Naming Compounds
Exercise
Examine the following table of formulas and names.

Which of the compounds are named correctly?
Formula Name
I P2 O 5 Diphosphorus pentoxide
II ClO2 Chlorine oxide
a) I, II
III PbI4 Lead iodide
b) I, III, IV
IV CuSO4 Copper(I) sulfate
c) I, IV
d) I only
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Naming Compounds
Acids
• Acids can be recognized by the hydrogen
that appears first in the formula—HCl.
• Molecule with one or more H+ ions attached
to an anion.
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Naming Compounds
Rules for Naming Acids

• If the anion does not contain oxygen, the
acid is named with the prefix hydro– and the
suffix –ic attached to the root name for the
element.
• Examples:
HCl Hydrochloric acid
HCN Hydrocyanic acid
H2S Hydrosulfuric acid
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Naming Compounds
Acids That Do Not Contain Oxygen
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Naming Compounds
• Naming and Writing Formulas for

Acids and Bases
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Naming Compounds
Acids are…
• Compounds that give off
hydrogen ions (H1+) when
dissolved in water (the Arrhenius definition)
• Will start the formula with H.
• There will always be some
Hydrogen next to an anion.
• The anion determines the
name.
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Naming Compounds
Rules for Naming acids: Name it as a normal
compound first
1) If the anion attached to

hydrogen ends in -ide, put the
prefix hydro- and change -ide to
-ic acid
• HCl - hydrogen ion and chloride
ion = hydrochloric acid
• H2S hydrogen ion and sulfide ion
= hydrosulfuric acid
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Naming Compounds
Naming Acids
• If the anion has oxygen in it, then it ends in
-ate or -ite
2) change the suffix -ate to -ic acid (use no
prefix)
• Example: HNO3 Hydrogen and nitrate
ions = Nitric acid
3) change the suffix -ite to -ous acid (use no
prefix)
• Example: HNO2 Hydrogen and nitrite
ions = Nitrous acid
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Naming Compounds
Naming Acids
Normal ending Acid name is…
____-ide hydro-___-ic acid
____-ate _____-ic acid
____-ite _____-ous acid

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Naming Compounds
2 additional rules (not mentioned in the book)
4) If the acid has 1 more oxygen than

the –ic acid, add the prefix per-
a. HClO3 (Hydrogen Chlorate) is chloric acid
b. HClO4 would be perchloric acid
5) If there is 1 less oxygen than the
-ous acid, add the prefix hypo-
• HClO2 (Hydrogen Chlorite) is chlorous acid,
then HClO would be hypochlorous acid
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Naming Compounds

• If the anion contains oxygen:
 The suffix –ic is added to the root name if
the anion name ends in –ate.
• Examples:
HNO3 Nitric acid
H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
HC2H3O2 Acetic acid
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Naming Compounds

• If the anion contains oxygen:
 The suffix –ous is added to the root name
if the anion name ends in –ite.
• Examples:
HNO2 Nitrous acid
H2SO3 Sulfurous acid
HClO2 Chlorous acid
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Naming Compounds
Some Oxygen-Containing Acids
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Naming Compounds
Flowchart for Naming Acids
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Naming Compounds
• HF
• H3 P
• H2SO4
• H2SO3
• HCN
• H2CrO4
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Writing Acid Formulas – in reverse!
Naming Compounds
• Hydrogen will be listed first
• The name will tell you the anion
• Be sure the charges cancel out.
• Starts with prefix hydro?- there is no
oxygen, -ide ending for anion
• no prefix hydro?
1) -ate anion comes from –ic ending
2) -ite anion comes from –ous ending
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Naming Compounds
Write formulas for these:
• hydroiodic acid
• acetic acid
• carbonic acid
• phosphorous acid
• hydrobromic acid
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Naming Compounds
Examples
• Sodium hydroxide
 NaOH
• Potassium carbonate
 K2CO3
• Sulfuric acid
 H2SO4
• Dinitrogen pentoxide
 N2O5
• Cobalt(III) nitrate
 Co(NO3)3
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Naming Compounds
Lets Practice Some More!

HF Hydroflouric acid
Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate
H2CO3 Carbonic acid
KMnO4 Potassium permanganate
HClO4 Perchloric acid
H2S Hyrdosulfuric acid
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
CuSO4 Copper (II) sulfate or Cupric sulfate
PbCrO4 Lead (II) chromate or Plubous chromate
H2O Hydrooxic acid (no……just water)
NH3 Nitrogen trihydride (no..just ammonia)
Return to TOC
116
Naming Compounds
Names and Formulas for Bases
• A base is an ionic compound that

produces hydroxide ions (OH1-)
when dissolved in water (the Arrhenius definition)
• Bases are named the same way

as other ionic compounds:
–The name of the cation (which is a
metal) is followed by the name of
the anion (which will be hydroxide).
Return to TOC
Naming Compounds
Names and Formulas for Bases
• NaOH is sodium hydroxide
• Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide
• To write the formula:
1) Write the symbol for the metal
cation
2) followed by the formula for the
hydroxide ion (OH1-)
3) then use the criss-cross method to
balance the charges. Return to TOC
Naming Compounds
Practice by writing the formula for the following:
• Magnesium hydroxide
• Iron (III) hydroxide
• Zinc hydroxide
Return to TOC

Atoms, Ions and Molecules

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Atoms, Ions and Molecules

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Nomenclature

• Valence electrons are the electrons in the

• Valence electrons are the only electrons

Electron Configuration of Sodium

• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

• Which is the valence electron for Na?

• Answer: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

• Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms,

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6

O2- Gained two electrons (oxide)

K1+ Has lost one electron (no name change for

Ca2+ Has lost two electrons

• An atom that has lost one or

Binary Compounds are composed of two types of

H1+ Li1+ Na1+ K1+ Rb1+

Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+

Tin (II) = Sn2+ Lead (II) = Pb2+

Silver = Ag1+ Zinc = Zn2+ Cadmium = Cd2+

Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)

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• 3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide

Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)

MgBr2 Magnesium bromide

CaO Calcium oxide

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BaCl barium chloride

Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)

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FeCl 2 Cl- -2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride

FeCl 3 Cl- -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride

Cr S 3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide

From Zumdahl HD book – NOT in AP book!!!

– Most molecular substances are composed of

NO nitrogen dioxide TOXIC!

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• Some of the transition metals have only

Binary Covalent Compounds (Type III)

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Binary Covalent Compounds (Type III)

SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride

N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide

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Write symbols for these:

• Anions are always the same

Practice by naming these:

Write symbols for these:

• Hydroxide: OH1- and Cyanide: CN1-?

• Sulfate: SO42- • Phosphate: PO43-

• Naming ionic compounds containing

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Mg(NO3)2 Magnesium nitrate

(NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulfate

FePO4 Iron(III) phosphate

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• Binary ionic compounds

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Aluminum + Non-Metal _________ide

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Rules for Naming Type I Ionic Compounds

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Example: Barium nitrate (note the 2 word name)

3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use = Ba(NO )