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Security Level:

RAN18.1
User Experience
Improvement on APPs

www.huawei.com

Wireless Product Service Department

Author/ Email: wangxiaomei 00275117/w54131@huawei.com


Version: V1.0(20151104)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Objectives

 After completing this course, you are supposed to:


 Learn about the value and application scenarios of the User
Experience Improvement on APPs feature.
 Learn about the specifications of the User Experience
Improvement on APPs feature.
 Explain the basic principles of the User Experience Improvement
on APPs feature.
 Be able to configure and verify the User Experience Improvement
on APPs feature and to install and commission the products
related to the feature according to the manual.

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Contents
 Feature Description
 Feature Gains
 Feature Deployment
 Feature Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 FAQs
 Reference Documents & Glossary

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Feature Description - Background
 This feature is part of the UMTS Experience-based Network Deployment Solution. For
details about this feature, see User Experience Improvement on APPs Feature Parameter
Description.
 UMTS network development and smartphone popularity have driven the emergence of
increasing applications (APPs) for data services, among which Facebook, YouTube, Sina
Weibo, and WeChat are dominant. Improving service experience of the four APPs in network
congestion and RAN resource insufficiency scenarios has become a major concern for
operators. Huawei introduces the User Experience Improvement on APPs feature to
preferentially schedule RAN resources for APP services and improve the service
experience.

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Feature Description - Technical Principles
 This feature is implemented on the RNC. The BSC6900 must be configured with the NIUa
board and the BSC6910 muse be configured with the ENIUa or EGPUb board.
 The RNC identifies APP services to be guaranteed and notifies the NodeB of the
configured GBR and scheduling priority information, based on which the NodeB performs
HSUPA/HSDPA preferential scheduling. This processing allows the APP services to
preferentially use RAN resources, thereby improving APP service experience.

 HSUPA Preferential Scheduling


 APP Identification
Preferentially schedule resources for file
Sina Weibo, WeChat, Facebook, YouTube
upload services, and then allocate remaining
 Service Type Identification
services to other subscribed services.
 GBR Web browsing, video playing, file upload
 HSDPA Preferential Scheduling
 Scheduling priority  GBR and Scheduling Priority
Preferentially schedule resources for web
Configuration for Each APP Service Type
browsing and video services, and then
allocate remaining services to other
subscribed services.

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Feature Description - APP Service Measurement
 APP service measurement is implemented on the NIU board.
 Procedure
 Step 1: The RNC identifies the host IP address of the APP based on the DNS and SSL SNI information.
 Step 2: The RNC measures the service traffic.
 For HTTP information, the RNC measures the traffic of web browsing, video, and file upload services based on URI and "Content-
Type" contained in the HTTP header.
 For HTTPS information, the RNC measures the traffic of web browsing, video, and file upload services based on data
transmission parameters, including the average packet length, packet interval, and traffic volume.
 Step 3: The RNC distinguishes sessions by data transmission characteristics and then measures the user experience by session.

• APP Service Measurement • APP Service Measurement Results

APP Service KPIs

KPIs for web KPIs for file


KPIs for video
HTTP APP1 browsing upload
services
services services

KPIs for web KPIs for file


HTTP APP2 KPIs for video
browsing upload
services
services services
(1) APP identification: by DNS and SSL SNI information
KPIs for web KPIs for file
HTTPS KPIs for video
browsing upload
APP1 services
services services
(2) Traffic measurement: by the HTTP header or data transmission parameters

KPIs for web KPIs for file


HTTPS KPIs for video
browsing upload
APP2 services
(3) Experience measurement: by session (separated by data transmission characteristics) services services

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Feature Description - Experience Evaluation
KPIs (1)
 Service KPIs

APP Service Type KPI

HTTP/HTTPS-based web browsing Small web page display delay or large web
services page download rate

HTTP-based video services Video initial buffering delay and video stall
time ratio

HTTPS-based video services Video download rate

HTTP/HTTPS-based file upload services File upload rate

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Feature Description - Experience Evaluation
KPIs (2)
 KPIs for HTTP/HTTPS-based Web Browsing Services
HTTP-based Web Browsing Service Process HTTPS-based Web Browsing Service Process

 At point A, the RNC receives from the server the first data packet that contains the HTTP/HTTPS response code, indicating that
the server has finished responding to the page access request and then the page will be displayed.
 At point B, the RNC receives the acknowledged message of the last HTTP/HTTPS data packet from the server, indicating that the
page display is complete.
 Small web page display delay: duration from point A to point B
 Large web page download rate: rate of downloading page contents during the interval from A to B
 Compared with HTTP-based web browsing services, HTTPS-based web browsing services add the SSL signaling exchange and
encrypt data.

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Feature Description - Experience Evaluation
KPIs (3)
 KPIs for HTTP/HTTPS-based Video Services
HTTPS-based Video Service Process
HTTP-based Video Service Process

 Video initial buffering delay: duration from point A or A' to point C  HTTPS-based video service refers to a human-computer interaction
At point A (the DNS query process is preferentially initiated) or point A' (the DNS query process in which streaming media information is exchanged
process is not initiated), the RNC receives the first video data packet from a UE, between a web browser or an APP software and the server over
indicating that a video service starts. HTTPS. Compared with HTTP-based video services, HTTPS-based
At point C, the size of the downloaded data reaches the threshold for video playing, video services require encryption of data packets and use the video
indicating that video initial buffering is complete and video playing starts. download rate to evaluate service experience.
 Video stall time ratio: ratio of the video stall duration to the video playable duration  Video download rate: the average download rate from point A (at
During video playing, if the data rate on a network is less than the video code rate, the which the first APP data packet is received) to point B (at which the
cache in a UE's video player is cleared and video buffering restarts. Video playing stalls acknowledged message of the last APP data packet is received)
and will not resume until the conditions for video playing are met. At point D, the RNC
receives the acknowledged message of the last HTTP data packet, indicating that the
video data download is complete. At point E, the TCP connection established for the
video service is released, indicating that the video service is complete.

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Feature Description - Experience Evaluation
KPIs (4)
 KPIs for HTTP/HTTPS-based File Upload Services
HTTP-based File Upload Service Process HTTPS-based File Upload Service Process

 File upload rate: ratio of the file size to the upload


duration from point A to point B  File upload rate: ratio of the file size to the
At point A, the RNC receives the first TCP Ack message upload duration from point A to point B
from the server, indicating that the file upload response At point A, the RNC receives the first APP data
completes and the file data starts to be uploaded. packet from the UE, indicating that the file upload
At point B, the RNC receives from the UE a TCP Ack starts.
message for the last HTTP data packet, indicating that At point B, all the data is uploaded, that is, the file
the file upload completes. upload completes.

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Feature Description - APP Service Preferential
Scheduling

 HSDPA Preferential
Scheduling

 HSUPA Preferential
Scheduling

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Feature Description - Application Scenario

 Typical Scenarios
 The User Experience Improvement on APPs feature is mainly used to
improve APP service experience in uplink or downlink power
congestion scenarios.
 A downlink power congestion scenario meets both the following conditions:
– Downlink power load of a cell is higher than 65%.
– The number of UEs in the CELL_DCH state is less than 50 in the cell.

 An uplink power congestion scenario meets both the following conditions:


– VS.MeanRTWP > VS.BackGroundNoise.Mean + Target Load - 2 dB
where, Target Load = 10LOG(1/(1 - MaxTargetUlLoadFactor))
MaxTargetUlLoadFactor is configured using the ADD UCELLHSUPA command.
– The number of UEs in the CELL_DCH state is less than 35 in the cell.

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Contents
 Feature Description
 Feature Gains
 Feature Deployment
 Feature Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 FAQs
 Reference Documents & Glossary

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Feature Gains and Network Impact
 Feature Gains
APP Service Type KPI Benefits
Small web page display delay/large web page download
HTTP/HTTPS-based web browsing services Decrease by 5% to 20%.
rate

HTTP-based video services Video initial buffering delay and video stall time ratio Decrease by 5% to 20%.

HTTPS-based video services Video download rate Improves by 5% to 20%.


HTTP/HTTPS-based file upload services File upload rate Improves by 5% to 20%.

 Network Impact
 System Capacity
 This feature preferentially schedules APP services. If the CQI for APP services is always poor, the cell throughput decreases. On
live networks, the CQI distribution of APP UEs is similar to that in the entire cell. As a result, cell throughput is barely affected.
 Network Performance
 Impact on service experience: APP service experience improves, but non-APP service experience becomes poor because this
feature preferentially schedules APP services.
 Impact on Iub transmission bandwidth: APP information transmission over the Iub interface increases the transmission bandwidth
overhead by less than 100 kbit/s.
 Impact on RNC Board Load
- After APP service measurement is enabled, the DSP load of the DPUb/DPUe board increases by 5% on the BSC6900; the user-
plane CPU load of the EGPUa/EGPUb board increases by 5% to 10% on the BSC6910. If service measurement has been
enabled on the live network, no other impact is introduced.
- The CPU load of the NIUa/ENIUa/EGPUb board increases with the service traffic. The more the types of services (such as
HTTP/HTTPS-based web browsing and video services) for which APP service measurement is enabled, the higher the increase in
the CPU load.

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Contents
 Feature Description
 Feature Gains
 Feature Deployment
 Feature Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 FAQs
 Reference Documents & Glossary

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Feature Deployment - Prerequisites (1)
 Prerequisite Features
 WRFD-010611 HSDPA Enhanced Package

 WRFD-010612 HSUPA Introduction Package

 Mutually Exclusive Features


 None
 Dependency on Hardware
 RNC hardware
 BSC6900: The NIUa board must be configured.
 BSC6910: The ENIUa or EGPUb board must be configured.
 NodeB hardware
 For macro base stations, all boards except the WBBPa support this feature.
 The micro base stations support this feature.
 Dependency on Other NEs
 None
 License Planning
 A cell-level license control item has been added to the RNC to accommodate this feature.

Feature ID Feature Name License Control Item NE Sales Unit

User Experience User Experience Improvement on BSC6900


WRFD-181203 Mbit/s
Improvement on APPs APPs-kbps BSC6910

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Feature Deployment - Prerequisites (2)
 Impacted Features
Generally, APP services are scheduled preferentially, and then resources are allocated to other services.
This affects other service-based features and user-differentiated features, as listed in the following:
 WRFD-020128 Quality Improvement for Subscribed Service
APP services are scheduled preferentially, and then resources are allocated to subscribed services based on the configured SPI
weights. The quality of subscribed services is affected.
 WRFD-020132 Web Browsing Acceleration
 APP services are scheduled preferentially, and then resources are allocated to web services based on the configured SPI weights.
The quality of web services is affected.
 WRFD-150252 Video Service Rate Adaption
APP services are scheduled preferentially, and then resources are allocated to video services based on the configured SPI weights.
The quality of video services is affected.
 WRFD-020133 P2P Downloading Rate Control during Busy Hour
APP services are scheduled preferentially, and then resources are allocated to P2P and other services based on the configured SPI
weights. The SPI weight configured for P2P services is relatively small, and enabling User Experience Improvement on APPs
decreases the P2P service rate.
 WRFD-020806 Differentiated Service Based on SPI Weight
APP services are preferentially scheduled. For APP services of the same priority, gold UEs, silver UEs, and copper UEs are
scheduled in descending order of priority. APP services of different priorities are prioritized based on the configured SPI weights.
 WRFD-150204 Platinum User Prioritizing
APP services are preferentially scheduled. For APP services of the same priority, platinum UEs are preferentially scheduled.
 WRFD-150255 Differentiated Service Based on Terminal
APP services of all UEs are preferentially scheduled. Resources are then allocated to the other services based on the SPI weight
configured for each type of UE.
 WRFD-171210 Radio-Aware Video Precedence
APP services and video services take the same priority, which reduces the benefits of both the Radio-Aware Video Precedence
feature and the User Experience Improvement on APPs feature.

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Feature Deployment - Prerequisites (3)

 Impacted Features
 WRFD-150254 Differentiated Service Based on Application Resource Reservation
Power resources for a UE performing APP services cannot exceed power resources
reserved for the resource group to which the UE belongs.
 WRFD-160106 Fast Radio Bearer Setup
When the Fast Radio Bearer Setup feature is enabled for APP services, the NodeB will lose
information of the existing APP service information. The RNC does not send APP service
again to the NodeB until the next delivery period arrives. As a result, the experience of APP
services cannot be guaranteed as expected, which reduces the benefits that can be
provided by this feature.
 WRFD-170108 Hitless Cell Rehoming
If Hitless Cell Rehoming is enabled, the NodeB does not support APP-related information
rehoming during inter-board reconfiguration. The RNC does not send APP service again to
the NodeB until the next delivery period arrives. As a result, the experience of APP services
cannot be guaranteed as expected, which reduces the benefits that can be provided by this
feature.

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Feature Deployment - Deployment
Suggestions and Required Information (1)

 When to use User Experience Improvement on APPs


 The User Experience Improvement on APPs feature is mainly used to improve APP
service experience in uplink or downlink power congestion scenarios.
 A downlink power congestion scenario meets both the following conditions:
 Downlink power load of a cell is higher than 65%.
 The number of UEs in the CELL_DCH state is less than 50 in the cell.
 An uplink power congestion scenario meets both the following conditions:
 VS.MeanRTWP > VS.BackGroundNoise.Mean + Target Load - 2 dB
where, Target Load = 10LOG(1/(1 - MaxTargetUlLoadFactor))
MaxTargetUlLoadFactor is configured using the ADD UCELLHSUPA command.
 The number of UEs in the CELL_DCH state is less than 35 in the cell.
 If transmission or uplink CE resources in a cell are severely insufficient, you are
advised to expand transmission resources or uplink CE resources rather than
enabling this feature.

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Feature Deployment - Deployment Suggestions
and Required Information (2)
 Required Information
 Downlink power load of a cell
Cell downlink power load = VS.MeanTCP (W)/Configured PA Capacity (W) × 100%
where,
 VS.MeanTCP (W) = 10^(VS.MeanTCP/10 - 3) (in unit of W)
 Configured PA Capacity (W) = 10^(MaxTxPower/100 - 3)
MaxTxPower is configured using the ADD UCELLSETUP command.
 Uplink power load of a cell
 The uplink power load of a cell must meet the following condition:
VS.MeanRTWP > VS.BackGroundNoise.Mean + Target Load - 2 dB
where, Target Load = 10LOG(1/(1 - MaxTargetUlLoadFactor))
MaxTargetUlLoadFactor is configured using the ADD UCELLHSUPA
command.
 Value of the VS.CellDCHUEs counter: Number of UEs in the CELL_DCH State

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Feature Deployment - Network Planning

 Network Planning
 N/A
 RF Planning
 N/A

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Feature Deployment - Parameter Preparation
Parameter Name Parameter ID Setting Notes Data Source

APPIndex(UMTS
Application Index Set this parameter based on operator requirements. Engineering design
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910)

APPServiceType(UMTS
APP Service Type Set this parameter based on operator requirements. Engineering design
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910)

DlServThrouTar(UMTS Default value/recommended


DL Service Throughput Target Set this parameter based on operator requirements.
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) value

DlServSchedPriority(UMTS To differentiate the web browsing services from video services, configure different Default value/recommended
DL Service Scheduling Priority
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) priorities for the two types of services. In other cases, retain the default value High. value

UlServThrouTar(UMTS Default value/recommended


UL Service Throughput Target Set this parameter based on operator requirements.
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) value

SW for Cell-level Conn-oriented CellConnAlgoSwitch2(UMTS To enable this feature, select the USER_EXP_IMPROVEMENT_ON_APPS check Default value/recommended
Algorithm 2 BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) box under this parameter. value

The default value of this parameter is 15. The smaller the parameter value, the more Default value/recommended
Service CQI Threshold SERVICECQITHD
severely the cell throughput decreases. value

User Experience Improvement on In network sharing scenarios, configure the licensed traffic for the primary and
UserExpImpOnAppsKbps Network plan
APPs-kbps secondary operators separately.

SW for Cell-level Conn-oriented CellConnAlgoSwitch(UMTS Default value/recommended


Set this parameter to KQI_APP_CTRL-1.
Algorithm BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) value

ServiceAwareCtrlSwitch(UMTS Default value/recommended


Service Awareness Control Switch Set this parameter to ON(ON).
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) value

VerifyLibVer(UMTS Default value/recommended


Verify Library Version It is good practice to set this parameter to NO(Not Verify).
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) value

Service Type for PS Quality ServMeaType(UMTS Default value/recommended


Set this parameter to the type of service to be guaranteed.
Measurement BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) value

EventChrSwitch(UMTS Default value/recommended


Event CHR Process Switch If CHR needs to be enabled, it is good practice to set this parameter to ON(ON).
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) value

ServiceApperceiveSwitch(UMTS Default value/recommended


Service Apperceive Switch Set this parameter to ON(ON).
BSC6900,UMTS BSC6910) value

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Feature Deployment - Activation (1)
Step 1: Run the RNC MML command ADD UCELLCONNALGOPARA. In this step, select
USER_EXP_IMPROVEMENT_ON_APPS under the SW for Cell-level Conn-oriented Algorithm 2 parameter.
Step 2: Run the RNC MML command SET UNETAWARENESS with Service Awareness Control Switch set to ON(ON).
Step 3: Run the RNC MML command SET RULELIBVER with Verify library Version set to NO(Not Verify).
Note: The SET UNETAWARENESS and SET RULELIBVER commands must be executed on the U2000 only by
authorized U2000 operators in the SG_0 command group.
Step 4: Run the RNC MML command SET USERVMEAPARA. In this step, select VIDEO, WEB, FILE_UPLOAD,
HTTPS_VIDEO, HTTPS_WEB, and HTTPS_FILE_UPLOAD under the Service Type for PS Quality Measurement
parameter.
Step 5: Run the RNC MML command SET UEVENTCHRSWITCH with Event CHR Process Switch set to ON(ON).
Step 6: Run the RNC MML command SET UEVENTCHRCTRL with parameter settings consistent with the following table.

Parameter Setting Notes


Event CHR Process Select the OUTPUT_TO_SAU_SWITCH (Switch for Reporting CHR Logs to the SAU) check box.
Switch
User Sampling Rate Set this parameter to 100.
CHR Event Block Switch 2 Select the following check boxes:
KQI_WEB_STAT(SW Report Statistics Block for HTTP Web Service Qual)
KQI_VIDEO_INI_STAT(SW Report Statistics Block for HTTP Video Buffer Qual)
KQI_VIDEO_PLAY_STAT(SW Report Statistics Block for HTTP Video Play Qual)
KQI_HTTP_FILE_UPLOAD_STAT(HTTP File Upload Service Quality Statistical Block)
KQI_HTTP_FILE_UPLOAD_TRANSFER_STAT(HTTP File Upload Transmission Quality Statistical Block)
HTTPS_WEB_STAT (Statistical Block for HTTPS Web Services)
HTTPS_VIDEO_INI_STAT (Statistical Block for Initial Playback Quality of HTTPS Video Services)
HTTPS_VIDEO_PLAY_STAT (Statistical Block for Playback Quality of HTTPS Video Services)
HTTPS_FILE_UPLOAD_STAT (Statistical Block for HTTPS File Upload Services)
HTTPS_FILE_UPLOAD_TRANSFER_STAT (Statistical Block for Transmission Quality of HTTPS File Upload
Services)

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Feature Deployment - Activation (2)

Step 7: Run the RNC MML command SET UUPCTRLSWITCH with Service Apperceive Switch set
to ON(ON).
Step 8: Run the RNC MML command ADD UCELLCONNALGOPARA or MOD
UCELLCONNALGOPARA. In this step, specify the Cell ID parameter and select the
KQI_APP_CTRL check box under the SW for Cell-level Conn-oriented Algorithm parameter.
Step 9: Run the NodeB MML command SET ULOCELLMACHSPARA. In this step, set Scheduling
Method to EPF(Enhanced PF) or EPF_LOC(Location based EPF) and specify Service CQI
Threshold.
Step 10: Run the RNC MML command ADD UAPPOPTPARA. In this step, specify APP Index, APP
Service Type, DL Service Scheduling Priority, DL Service Throughput Target, and UL Service
Throughput Target.
Step 11: (Optional) In RAN Sharing or MOCN scenarios, run the RNC MML command SET
LICENSE. In this step, specify User Experience Improvement on APPs-kbps to configure the
licensed traffic for primary and secondary operators separately.

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Feature Deployment - Activation Observation

Monitor the value of the RNC counter


VS.UserExpImprOnAPPs.UE.Mean.Cell. If the counter value is
not 0, this feature is working properly.

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Feature Deployment - Deactivation

Run the RNC MML command MOD UCELLCONNALGOPARA. In


this step, deselect USER_EXP_IMPROVEMENT_ON_APPS
under the SW for Cell-level Conn-oriented Algorithm 2
parameter.

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Feature Deployment - Troubleshooting

 None

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Contents
 Feature Description
 Feature Gains
 Feature Deployment
 Feature Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 FAQs
 Reference Documents & Glossary

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Feature Performance Monitoring – New Counters

Change Type Counter Function Subset NE Description


VS.UserExpImprOnAP Average Number of UEs Using User
New PSService.Cell RNC Experience Improvement on APPs for
Ps.UE.Mean.Cell Cell

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Feature Performance Monitoring -
Performance Evaluation (1)

You can evaluate the improvements in APP service experience by


conducting a drive test or using Huawei iDart tool to conduct offline
analysis. For detailed operations, contact Huawei technical support
engineers.

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Feature Performance Monitoring -
Performance Evaluation (2)
You can collect internal counters listed in the following table during the first week after feature
activation to evaluate the improvement in APP service experience. This method supports
evaluating two APPs (APP0 and APP1), and APP0 is used as an example.

Service Type KPI Internal Counter


Small web page display delay =
Small web page display VS.Web.Dsp.TotalDelay.Small.App0/VS.Web.SuccDsp.Small.App0/1000
HTTP-based web browsing
delay or large web page Large web page download rate =
services (Sina Weibo, WeChat)
download rate VS.Web.DL.Traffic.Large.App0*8/(VS.Web.Dsp.TotalDelay.App0-
VS.Web.Dsp.TotalDelay.Small.App0)
Small web page display delay =
Small web page display VS.Web.Dsp.TotalDelay.Small.HttpsAPP0/VS.Web.SuccRsp.HttpsAPP0/1000
HTTPS-based web browsing
delay or large web page Large web page download rate =
services (Facebook, YouTube)
download rate VS.Web.DL.Traffic.Large.HttpsAPP0*8/(VS.Web.Dsp.TotalDelay.HttpsAPP0-
VS.Web.Dsp.TotalDelay.Small.HttpsAPP0)

Video initial buffering Video initial buffering delay =


HTTP-based video services
delay and video stall VS.Video.InitBuf.TotalDelay/VS.Video.InitBuf.Succ/1000
(Sina Weibo, WeChat)
time ratio Video stall time radio = VS.Video.Rebuf.TotalTime/VS.Video.Play.TotalTime.App0

HTTPS-based video service Video download rate =


Video download rate
(Facebook, YouTube) VS.Video.DL.Traffic.HttpsAPP0*8/VS.Video.DL.TransTime.HttpsAPP0
HTTP-based file upload File upload rate =
File upload rate
services (Sina Weibo, WeChat) VS.FileUpload.Traffic.HttpsAPP0*8/VS.FileUpload.TransTime.HttpsAPP0
HTTPS-based file upload
File upload rate File upload rate = VS.FileUpload.Traffic.App0*8/VS.FileUpload.TransTime.App0
services (Facebook, YouTube)

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Feature Performance Monitoring - Parameter
Optimization

 N/A

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Contents
 Feature Description
 Feature Gains
 Feature Deployment
 Feature Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 FAQs
 Reference Documents & Glossary

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Application Cases

 To be supplemented.

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Contents
 Feature Description
 Feature Gains
 Feature Deployment
 Feature Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 FAQs
 Reference Documents & Glossary

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FAQs

 None

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Contents
 Feature Description
 Feature Gains
 Feature Deployment
 Feature Performance Monitoring
 Application Cases
 FAQs
 Reference Documents & Glossary

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Reference Documents

 User Experience Improvement on APPs Feature Parameter


Description

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Glossary

 None

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Thank you
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Copyright © 2015 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


The information in this document may contain predictive statements including, without limitation,
statements regarding the future financial and operating results, future product portfolio, new technology,
etc. There are a number of factors that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially
from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements. Therefore, such information is provided for
reference purpose only and constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei may change the
information at any time without notice.

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