Statistical Treatment

GROUP 6
 It is a must that researchers diagnose the
problem by using the appropriate statistical tool
to arrive at accurate and definite interpretation
of results
 A researcher is similar to a physician wherein the
latter diagnoses the ailment and prescribes the
appropriate medicine to cure the ailment.
 An ailment cannot be cured if the physician
prescibes inappropriate medicine.
 For instance, the problem is “How effective is
the teaching of Miss Y in Biology to teacher
education students?”
 Of the 200 teacher education students, 15 said
very much effective or 4;90, much effective or
3; 55, effective or 2; and 40, not effective at all
or 1.
 Weighted arithmetic mean is the appropriate
statistical tool to this particular problem.
 Σ𝑓𝑥
f x fx ത
𝑋=
Σ𝑓
480
15 4 60 =
200
90 3 270 𝑋= 2.4 (effective)
55 2 110
40 1 40
Total 200 480
 The mean value obtained is 2.4 which means
effective. Hence, the teaching of Miss Y in
Biology to teacher education students is effective
 The appropriate statistical tool is weighted
arithmetic mean because there is only one
descriptive interpretation that describes the
whole performance of Miss Y in teaching Biology
to teacher education students
Incorrect Statistical Tool
 Percentage is incorrect or inappropriate
statistical tool to scale options due to vague
interpretation of the results.
 Consider the computation using the same
problem and responses of teacher education
students to the teaching Miss Y in Biology where
15 students rated Miss Y’s teaching in Biology as
very much effective or 4;90 rated much effective
or 3;55 effective or 2; and 40, not effective at all
or 1.
W F Percent Interpretation

4 15 7.5 Very much

effective
3 90 45.0 Much effective

2 55 27.5 Effective
Not effective at all
1 40 20.0
Total 200 100.0
 Comparing the weighted arithmetic mean
and percentage as statistical tools to scale
options, the former has exact or precise
interpretation of the whole results and the
latter has varied or vague interpretation of
the results
 In other words, there is no specific or exact
interpretation of results for percentage
 For instance, the mean score is 2.4. This
quantitative value of 2.4 has only one qualitative
description, effective, which describes the whole
performance of Miss Y in teaching Biology to
teacher education students.
 Whereas percentage has many interpretations,
i.e, 15 or 7.5% teacher education students rated
very much effective; 90 or 45%, much effective;
55 or 27.5%,effective; and 40 or 20%, not
effective at all.
 Hence percentage is incorrect statistical tool to
scale options
Univariate Statistical Treatment
 The appropriate statistical tool for univariate
problem, both experimental and descriptive designs
is weighted arithmetic mean for scale options (i.e,
9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2, and 1) and the like.
 Experimental Research. The problem is “What is
the acceptability of the flavor of fish burger from
offal of boneless milkfish?”
 Of the 30 panelists who evaluated the productr using
the 9-point Hedonic Scale, 5 rated like extremely or
9;23 rated like very much or 8; and 2, like
moderately or 7.
 Consider the formula of weighted arithmetic mean.

𝑓1𝑥1+𝑓2𝑥2+ …𝑓𝑘𝑥𝑘 Σ𝑓𝑥

 𝑋= =
𝑓1+𝑓2+ …𝑓𝑘 Σ𝑓

Σ𝑓𝑥
𝑋=
Σ𝑓
 𝑋 = Weighted arithmetic mean
 Σfx = sum of all the products of f and x;
where f is the frequency of each
weight and x is the weight, i.e,
9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1.
 Σf = Sum of all the frequency/ subjects
 5 9 +23 8 +2(7)
𝑋 =
5+23+2
45+184+14
=
30
243
=
30
= 8.1 (like very much)
 Or it can be written as shown in the table on sample
computation of weighted arithmetic mean used in
univariate experimental research:
f x fx Σ𝑓𝑥
𝑋=
Σ𝑓
5 9 45 243
=
23 8 184 30
𝑋 = 8.1 (like very much)
2 7 14
total
30 243
 The quantitative mean value is 8.1 and the
qualitative descriptin is like very much. Hence, the
flavor of the fish burger from boneless milkfish is
liked very much or very much acceptable.
 The input is the evaluation of the 30 panelists such
as 5 panelists rated 9;23;8 and 2,7. The the
throughput is the statistical technique or weighted
arithmetic mean and the output is the result, 8.1 or
like very much
 Descriptive Research. Weighted
arithmetic mean is appropriate for scale
options (i.e, 5,4,3,2 and 1) and the like for
univariate problem.
 For instance, “How serious are the job-
related problems met by staff nurses in
private and government hospitals in Iloilo
City in relation to administration of top
management when classified as a whole?”
 Of the 200 staff nurses in private and
government hospitals in Iloilo City, 25 staff
nurses said very, very serious or 5; 50 said
very serious or 4; 100,serious or 3; 15,less
seious or 2; 10, not serious at all or 1.
 Consider the table on the sample
computation of weighted arithmetic mean
used in univariate descriptive research.
 Sample Computation of Weighted Arithmetic
Mean Used in Univariate Descriptive Research
f x fx Σ𝑓𝑥
𝑋=
25 5 125 Σ𝑓
50 4 200 665
=
100 3 300 200
15 2 30 𝑋 = 3.325 (serious)
10 1 10

Total 200 665

 Or it can be written as:
𝑓1𝑥1+𝑓2𝑥2 +⋯𝑓𝑘𝑥𝑘
𝑋=
𝑓1+𝑓2+ …𝑓𝑘
25 5 +50 4 +100 3 +15 2 +10(1)
=
25+50+100+15+10
125+200 +300 +30 +10
=
200
665
=
200
𝑋 = 3.325 (serious)
 The quantitative mean value is 3.325 and the
qualitative description is serious. Thus, the job-
related problems met by staff nurses in private and
government hospitals in Iloilo City in relation to
administration of top management when classified
as a whole is serious.
 The input is the responses of staff nurses, namely 25
said 5; 50,4; 100,3; 15,2; and 10, 1. The throughput is
the statistical technique or weighted arithmetic
mean. The output is the results, 3.325 or serious.
Bivariate Statistical Treatment
in Experimental Research
 Experimental Research. The statistical
tools for bivariate (two variables) problem
are t-test & linear correlation.
 The problem is “Is there a significant
difference on the mean catch of squid using
horizontal and vertical fishing for 21 days
operation?”
 The appropriate statistical tool is t-test.
Consider the formula:
𝑋 1+ 𝑋 2
t= 2 2
𝑆𝐷1 𝑆𝐷
+ 2
𝑁1 𝑁2
 𝑋1 - mean of the first variable (horizontal fishing)
 𝑋2 – mean of the 2nd variable (vertical fishing)
 SD12 – variance of 𝑋1
 SD2 2 – variance of 𝑋2
 N1 – total number of operations of the first variable
 N2 – total number of operations of the second variable
The steps in using t-test are as follows:
 Step 1: Find the arithmetic mean of each variable
 Step 2: Solve for the variance (SD2 ) of each variable (𝑋1
and 𝑋2 ).

 Step 3: Compute the t-value by using formula (7.2).

 Step 4: Get the degrees of freedom (df) by
using this formula df= N-1, if N is the same
for two variables or df= N1 + N2 – 2, if N is
different for the two variables.
 Consider the table sample computation
using t-test as statistical tool for bivariate
experimental research.
 The t-value obtained is 9.16090 which is
significant at 1% level of confidence. To be
significant the tabular value is 2.845 at .01 level of
probability with 20 degree of freedom (df).
 This means that the mean catch of squid using
horizontal and vertical fishing really differ with
each other because horizontal fishing has more or
better catch than vertical fishing in catching squid.
 Another example of statistical treatment used in
bivariate experimental research is linear
correlation or correlation with two variables.
 The formula presents the linear correlation or
Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation.
 rxy = Correlation bet. X and Y
 ΣX= Sum of variable X
 ΣY= Sum of variable Y
 ΣXY= Sum of the product of X and Y
 N= total number of cases
 ΣX2= sum of the squared x variable
 ΣY2= sum of the squared Y variable
 The steps in computing Pearson-Moment
Coefficient of Correlation are as follows:
 Step 1: Find the sum of X and Y
 Step 2: Square all X and Y values
 Step 3: Sum X2 and Y2 .
 Step 4: Find the product of X and Y
 Step 5: Get the sum of the product XY
 Step 6: Apply formula
 To apply the formula, for instance, the problem is
“What is the relationship bet. weight(X) and length
(Y) of grouper cultured fish cage using bread meal
as experimental feed?”
 Consider the table on the sample computation of
Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlaton
(r) on the weight (X) and length (Y) relationship of
milkfish (Chanos chanos) cultured in the fishpond
using bread meal as supplemental feed.
 The rxy value obtained is 0.90 which denotes high
relationship.
 This means the heavier the weight, the longer the
length and the lighter the weight, the shorter the
length or as the weight increases the length also
increases of grouper cultured in fish cage using bread
meal as supplemental feed.
Bivariate Statistical Treatment
in Descriptive Research
 The statistical tools used for bivariate descriptive
research problems are z-test and linear correlation.
 The problem is “What is the relationship bet. Capital
(X) and profit (Y) of milkfish burger from offal of
boneless milkfish?”
 To find out the relationship bet. capital (X) and
profit(Y) of milkfish burger from offal of boneless
milkfish, consider the formula of Spearman rank-
coefficient of correlation or Spearman rho(rs).
The steps are as follows:
 Step 1: Rank the values from highest to lowest in the
first set of variable(X) and mark them Rx. The
highest value is given the rank of 1; the seond, 2 and
so on.
 Step 2: Rank the second set of values (Y) in the same
manner as in step 1 and mark them R.
 Step 3: Determine the difference in ranks for every
pair of ranks
 Step 4: Square each difference to get D2.
 Step 5: Sum the square difference to find ΣD2.
 Step 6: Compute Spearman rho (rs ) by applying
formula
 Spearman rho is also applicable to both
descriptive and experimental researches.
 Consider the sample computation of
Spearman rho (rs ) using fictious data bet.
capital (X) and profit (Y) of milkfish burger
from offal of boneless milkfish as shown in
the table
 The rs value obtained is 0.96 which denotes very high
relationship. This means the higher the capital, the
higher the gain; the lower the capital, the lower is the
profit.
 If the specific research problem is “ Is there a
significant relationship bet. Capital and profit of
milkfish burger from offla of boneless milkfish?”.
The interpretation is beased on the level of
significance at 1 or 5 %.
 By referring to the Table of Critical Values; to be
significant at .01 level having 10 N (number of cases),
tabular value is 0.746 and at .05 level with N=10, the
tabular value is 0.564.
 Since the computed value is 0.96 which is higher
than 0.746 and 0.564 at .01 and .05 levels, hence, the
result is significant both at 1 and 5 %.
 This means that capital and profit of milkfish burger
from offal of bonelss milkfish really differ with each
other because the higher the capital is, the higher
gain will be and the lower capital, the lower profit is.
Z-Test as Bivariate Statistical
Tool in Descriptive Research
 Z-test between percentages. The z-test is used to
determine the significant difference bet. Two
percentages of related individuals in which the data
are collected through survey.
 The z-test formula as formulated by Ferguson and
Takane is as follows:
 The problem is “Is there a significant difference bet.
The job-related problems met by research-oriented
and non-research oriented Biology faculty at the
Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College in relation
to instructinal materials?”
 There were 27 research-oriented Biology faculty
memebers and 18 non-research oriented faculty
members.
 Of the 27 research-oriented Biology faculty
members, 27 or 100% considered instructional
materials as a problem and only 13 or 72.22% of the
non research-oriented Biology faculty members said
that instructional meterial is a problem.
 Consider the sample computation of z-test between
percentages below:
N1= 27(research-oriented) N2= 13(non research-oriented)
P1= 100% P2= 72.22%
 Since the computed value (CV) 2.87 is greater
than(>) the tabular value(TV) 2.58 at 1 % level of
confidence, the result is significant.
 This means that the job-related problems met by
research-oriented and non-research-oriented
Biology faculty members at NorthernIloilo
Polytechnic State College in relation to instructional
materials really differ from each other.