PUMPS

PUMPS
• Pumps are used to deliver liquids through
piping systems.
• They must deliver the desired volume flow
rate of fluid while developing the required
total dynamic head ha created by elevation
changes, differences in the pressure heads
and velocity heads, and all energy losses in
the system.
 PARAMETERS INVOLVED IN PUMP
SELECTION
• When selecting a pump for a particular application, the following factors must be
considered:
1. The nature of the liquid to be pumped
2. The required capacity (volume flow rate)
3. The conditions on the suction (inlet) side of the pump
4. The conditions on the discharge (outlet) side of the pump
5. The total head on the pump (the term ha from the energy equation)
6. The type of system to which the pump is delivering the fluid
7. The type of power source (electric motor, diesel engine, steam turbine, etc.)
8. Space, weight, and position limitations
9. Environmental conditions, governing codes, and standards
10. Cost of pump purchase and installation
11. Cost of pump operation
 PARAMETERS INVOLVED IN PUMP
SELECTION
• The nature of the fluid is characterized by its temperature at the pumped
condition, its specific gravity, its viscosity, its tendency to corrode or erode
the pump parts, and its vapor pressure at the pumping temperature. After
pump selection, the following items must be specified:
1. Type of pump and manufacturer
2. Size of pump
3. Size of suction connection and type (flanged, screwed, etc.)
4. Size and type of discharge connection
5. Speed of operation
6. Specifications for driver (e.g., for an electric motor power required,
speed, voltage, phase, frequency, frame size, enclosure type)
7. Coupling type, manufacturer, and model number
8. Mounting details
9. Special materials and accessories required, if any
10. Shaft seal design and seal materials
TYPES OF PUMP:
 TYPES OF PUMP
• Pumps are typically classified as either positive-
displacement or kinetic pumps.
• Positive displacement pumps produce very high
pressures at moderate volume flow rates.
• Kinetic pumps operate by transferring kinetic energy
from a rotating element, called an impeller, to the fluid
as it moves into and through the pump. Some of this
energy is then converted to pressure energy at the
pump outlet.
• The most frequently used type of kinetic pump is the
centrifugal pump. The jet or ejector type of pump is a
special version of a centrifugal kinetic pump and will be
described later.
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
• Positive-displacement pumps ideally deliver a
fixed quantity of fluid with each revolution of
the pump rotor or drive shaft.
• Most positive-displacement pumps can handle
liquids over a wide range of viscosities and can
deliver fluids at high pressures.
 GEAR PUMP
• It is composed of two counter-rotating, tightly meshing gears
rotating within a housing.
• The outer periphery of the gear teeth fit closely with the inside
surface of the housing. Fluid is drawn in from the supply reservoir
at the suction port and carried by the spaces between teeth to the
discharge port, where it is delivered at high pressure to the system.
• The delivery pressure is dependent on the resistance of the system.
• Gear pumps develop system pressures in the range of 1500 psi to
4000 psi (10.3 MPa to 27.6 MPa). Delivery varies with the size of the
gears and the rotational speed, which can be up to 4000 rpm.
Deliveries from I to 50 gal/min (4-190 L/min) are possible with
different size units.
 GEAR PUMP
• Advantages of gear pumps include low pulsation of the flow, good
capability for handling high viscosity fluids, Limiting factors include
the capability of operating at only moderate pressures and that it is
not recommended for handling fluids containing solids
 VANE PUMP
• Variable-displacement vane pumps can deliver from
zero to the maximum flow rate by varying the position
of the rotor with respect to the cam ring and the
housing.
• The setting of the variable delivery can be manual,
electric, hydraulic, or pneumatically actuated to tailor
the performance of the fluid power unit to the needs
of the system being driven.
• The speed of rotation can also be varied to directly
affect the delivery rate. Typical pressure capacities are
from 2000 to 4000 psi (13.8 to 27.6 MPa).
VANE PUMP
 PISTON PUMP
• The pistons alternately draw fluid into their cylinders through
suction valves and then force it out the discharge valves against
system pressure.
• Delivery can be varied from zero to maximum by changing the
angle of the swash plate and, thus, changing the stroke of the
pistons.
• Varying the speed of rotation of the pump also can be used to
change the flow rate. Pressure capacity ranges up to 5000 psi (34.5
MPa).
• The ability to produce very high pressures is a major advantage,
although only a moderate flow rate is typically available.
• Pressure pulsations of the output flow, being generally able to
handle only low viscosity fluids, and potentially high wear of
moving parts can be disadvantages.
PISTON PUMP
 SCREW PUMP
• One disadvantage of the gear, piston, and vane pumps is that they deliver
a pulsating flow to the output because each functional element moves a
set, captured volume of fluid from suction to discharge.
• Screw pumps do not have this problem.
• A screw pump in which the central, thread-like power rotor meshes
closely with the two idler rotors, creating an enclosure inside the housing
that moves axially from suction to discharge, providing a continuous
uniform flow. This style is called an untimed multiple screw pump.
• A timed multiple screw pump employs precision synchronized timing gears
to maintain accurate location resulting in no contact with the casing.
• Screw pumps operate at nominally 3000 psi (20.7 MPa), can be run at high
speeds, and run more quietly than most other types of hydraulic pumps.
Other advantages of screw pumps are high pressure capability, quiet
operation, ability to handle wide ranges of viscosities, and the availability
of many different materials to ensure compatibility with the fluids. They
are generally not used for fluids containing abrasives or solids.
SCREW PUMP
 LOBE PUMP
• The lobe pump sometimes called a cam pump, operates in a similar
fashion to the gear pump.
• The two counter-rotating rotors may have two, three, or more lobes
that mesh with each other and fit closely with the housing.
• Fluid is conducted around by the cavity formed between successive
lobes.
• Advantages include very low pulsation of the flow, capability of
handling large solids content and slurries, and that it is self-priming.
Potential wear of the timing gears required to synchronize the
rotors is a disadvantage.
LOBE PUMP
 DIAPHRAGM PUMP
• In the diaphragm pump, a reciprocating rod moves a flexible diaphragm
within a cavity, alternately discharging fluid as the rod moves to the left
and drawing fluid in as it moves to the right.
• One advantage of this type of pump is that only the diaphragm contacts
the fluid, eliminating contamination from the drive elements.
• The suction and discharge valves alternately open and close.
• Large-diaphragm pumps are used in construction, mining, oil and gas, food
processing, chemical processing, wastewater processing, and other
industrial applications.
• Election should be based on compatibility with the pumped fluid. Many
such pumps are driven by compressed air controlled by a directional
control valve. Small-diaphragm pumps are also available that deliver very
low fluid flow rates for applications like metering chemicals into a process,
microelectronics manufacturing, and medical treatment. Most use
electromagnetism to produce reciprocating motion of a rod that drives the
diaphragm.
 PERFORMANCE DATA FOR POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMP:
• In this section we will discuss the general characteristics of direct-
acting reciprocating pumps and rotary pumps.
• The operating characteristics of positive-displacement pumps make
them useful for handling such fluids as water, hydraulic oils in fluid
power systems, chemicals, paint, gasoline, greases, adhesives, and
some food products.
• Because delivery is proportional to the rotational speed of the
rotor, these pumps can be used for metering. In general, they are
used for high-pressure applications requiring a relatively constant
delivery.
• Some disadvantages of some designs include pulsating output,
susceptibility to damage by solids and abrasives, and need for a
relief valve
 ROTARY PUMP PERFORMANCE:
• It is a plot of capacity, efficiency, and power versus discharge pressure.
• As pressure is increased, a slight decrease in capacity occurs due to internal
leakage from the high-pressure side to the low-pressure side. This is often
insignificant.
• The power required to drive the pump varies almost linearly with pressure.
• The efficiency for positive-displacement pumps is typically reported in two ways.
Volumetric efficiency is a measure of the ratio of the volume flow rate delivered by
the pump to the theoretical delivery, based on the displacement per revolution of
the pump, times the speed of rotation.
• This efficiency is usually in the range from 90 percent to 100 percent, decreasing
with increasing pressure in proportion to the decrease in capacity.
• Overall efficiency is a measure of the ratio of the power delivered to the fluid to
the power input to the pump.
• Included in the overall efficiency is the volumetric efficiency, the mechanical
friction from moving parts, and energy losses from the fluid as it passes through
the pump.
• When operating at design conditions, rotary positive-displacement pumps exhibit
an overall efficiency ranging from 80 percent to 90 percent.