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Properties of Materials
Properties of Materials
(Sifat / Karakteristik Material)
1. Mechanical Properties (Sifat Mekanik):
• Elastic properties
• Plastic properties
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Mechanical Properties
2
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical properties of a Sifat mekanik material
material reflects the relationship mencerminkan hubungan antara
between an applied load or force beban atau gaya yang diberikan
to its response or deformation. terhadap respons atau
deformasinya
Nature of the load:
Bentuk beban:
• Static (a load which changes
relatively slowly with time and • Statik (beban yang berubah
is applied uniformly over a secara lambat terhadap waktu
cross section) : tensile, dan diberikan secara seragam
compressive, shear, torsion, di seluruh penampang): tarik,
bending tekan, geser,
geser torsi, tekuk.
tekuk
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Types of Load
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OTHER COMMON STRESS STATES (1)
• Simple compression:
Ao
F
σ= F
Note: compressive
structure member
Balanced Rock, Arches
National Park Ao
(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson) (σ < 0 here).
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Concept of Stress and Strain Konsep Tegangan dan
(Static load) Regangan (Beban statik)
Bila beban statik diberikan
When a static load is applied pada material, maka
to a material,
material the material will material akan berubah
change its shape (deform). If bentuk (berdeformasi).
we follow the degree of Jika kita mengikuti besar
deformation as a function of F deformasi sebagai fungsi
load, we will get information beban, maka kita akan
about the "behaviour" of the memperoleh informasi
material. Δl/2 mengenai "perilaku" dari
material.
lf l
0
A0
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Tensile Testing
• The common way to obtain • Cara umum untuk
mechanical properties of mengetahui sifat mekanik
materials is by conducting a dari material adalah
tensile test
test. dengan melakukan
pengujian tarik.
Shape of specimen / Bentuk spesimen
Tensile Testing
machines
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Tensile Testing
Tensile Testing
Computer plotting
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Tensile Testing
Tensile Testing
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Elastic Deformation:
Deformasi elastik:
• Deformasi dimana tegangan dan
regangan berbanding lurus.
• Tidak permanen → ketika beban
dilepas, spesimen akan kembali ke
bentuk awal.
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload
bonds
stretch
return to
initial
δ
F
F Linear-
F elastic
Elastic means reversible! Non-Linear-
elastic
δ 2
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Elastic Deformation:
200
Molybdenum Si nitride
Steel, Ni <111>
CFRE(|| fibers)* Eceramics
Tantalum
Platinum
Platinu
Cu alloys
Si crystal
<100> Aramid fibers only > Emetals
100 Zinc, Ti
E(GPa)80 Silver, Gold Glass-soda AFRE(|| fibers)*
Glass fibers only >> Epolymers
60 Aluminum
40 Magnesium,
Tin GFRE(|| fibers)*
Concrete
Based on data in Table
20 GFRE*
B2,
109
10 9 Pa Graphite
CFRE*
GFRE( fibers)*
Callister 6e.
10
8 Composite data based on
CFRE( fibers)*
6 AFRE( fibers)* reinforced epoxy with 60
Polyester
4 PET
vol%
PS of aligned carbon
Epoxy only
2 PC (CFRE), aramid
PP (AFRE), or glass
1 HDPE
0.8
(GFRE) fibers.
0.6 Wood( grain)
PTFE
0.4 13
0.2 LDPE
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Elastic Deformation:
• In atomic scale is
manifested as small
changes in the interatomic
spacing and the stretching
of interatomic bonds.
• Dalam skala atomik
diartikan sebagai
perubahan kecil pada
jarak antar atom dan
teregangnya ikatan antar
atom
atom.
Elastic Deformation:
• Poisson's ratio: ratio
of the lateral and
axial strain
ν = - εx / εz
• Poisson's ratio:
rasio antara
regangan lateral
d regangan aksial
and k i l • Theoretical
Theoretical value for
for isotropic
material: 0.25
• Maximum value: 0.50
• Typical value: 0.24 - 0.30
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Plastic Deformation: Deformasi Plastis:
• When stress is no longer • Ketika tegangan tidak lagi
proportional to strain. berbanding lurus dgn regangan.
• Permanent and non-recoverable• Permanen and tidak dapat balik
→ upon removall off stress,
t the
th → bila beban dilepas, benda tidak
piece does not return to its kembali ke bentuk awalnya.
original shape.
• Dari perspektif atom:
• From atomic perspective: berhubungan dengan pemutusan
corresponds to the breaking of ikatan dengan atom tetangga asal
bonds with original atom dan pembentukan ikatan dengan
neighbours and then reforming tetangga yang baru.
bonds with new neighbours.
• Titik dimana deformasi elastik
• The point where the elastic berubah menjadi plastis disebut
deformation changes into plastic batas elastik or batas
deformation is called elastic limit proportional.
or proportional limit.
Elastic
initially
permanent (plastic)
after load is removed
εp engineering strain, ε
plastic strain
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13
Tensile Properties
• Yield strength σy : the stress level
where plastic deformation begins, or
where the phenomenon yielding occur.
• This is sometimes called proof stress,
which is chosen as that causing a
permanent strain of 0.002.
• Kekuatan luluh, σy: tegangan dimana
deformasi plastis mulai atau ketika
fenomena luluh terjadi.
• Kadang-kadang disebut sebagai proof
stress, yaitu tegangan yang
menyebabkan regangan sebesar
0.002.
YIELD STRENGTH, σy
• Stress at which noticeable plastic deformation has
occurred.
when εp = 0.002
tensile stress, σ
σy
engineering strain, ε
εp = 0.002
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• Some steels undergo a
very well-defined elastic-
plastic transition which
occurs abruptly, and
termed as: yield point
phenomenon.
• Beberapa jenis baja
mengalami transisi dari
elastik ke plastis secara
jelas, yang disebut
dengan fenomena titik
luluh.
1000 d
>> σy(polymers)
Yield strength, σy (MPa)
700 W (pure)
Ti (5Al-2.5Sn)a
500
600 Mo (71500)
Cu (pure) cw
(1020)acd
ture usually occurs before yield.
Steel (4140)
re usually occurs before yield.
400
300
Al (6061) ag
200 Steel (1020)hr
¨ Room T values
Ti (pure)a
Ta(pure)
Cu (71500)hr
Callister
Based on 6e . in Table B4,
data
rd to measure,
d to measure,
dry
100
Ha in
tension, fractu
ceramic matrix an in
e a = annealed
since in tension, frac
Har
LDPE
Tin (pure) 17
10
15
Tensile strength:
maximum stress
(~100 - 1000 MPa) Fracture
• Tensile strength: the stress Strength
at the maximum on the
engineering stress-strain
curves. This corresponds to
the maximum stress that
can be sustained by a
structure.
• At maximum stress, a small “Necking”
constriction or neck begins,
and this is called necking.
• Fracture / rupture strength:
stress at fracture.
TENSILE STRENGTH
• Maximum possible engineering stress in tension.
TS
Adapted from Fig. 6.11,
6e
Callister 6e.
engineering
stress
strain
• Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.
• Ceramics: occurs when crack propagation starts.
• Polymers: occurs when polymer backbones are
aligned and about to break.
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16
TENSILE Graphite/
STRENGTH: COMPARISON
Metals/ Composites/
Alloys Ceramics/
Semicond Polymers fibers
5000 C fibers
Aramid fib TS(ceram)
3000 E-glass fib
2000
~TS(met)
Tensile strength, TS (MPa)
Steel (4140)qt
300
Steel (1020)
Ti (6061)ag
Al (pure) a >> TS(poly)
Ta (pure)
200
Al (6061)
a Room T values
<100> Nylon 6,6 wood(|| fiber)
Si crystal Based on data in Table B4,
100
40 Concrete PVC GFRE( fiber) a = annealed
Callister 6e.
Glass-soda PC PET
PP HDPE CFRE( fiber)
30 hr = aged
ag hot rolled
AFRE( fiber)
Graphite H
20 LDPE cd = cold worked
cw drawn
10 qt = quenched
AFRE, & tempered
GFRE, & CFRE =
aramid, glass, & carbon
fiber-reinforced epoxy
composites, with 60 vol%
wood( fiber)
fibers.
1 19
(l f − l0 )
%elongation = ×100
l0
( A f − A0)
% AR = ×100
A0
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DUCTILITY, %EL
L f −L o
• Plastic tensile strain at failure: %EL = x100
Lo
smaller %EL
Engineering (brittle if %EL<5%)
tensile
Ao
stress, σ larger %EL Lo Af Lf
(ductile if
%EL>5%)
Adapted from Fig. 6.13,
Callister 6e.
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TOUGHNESS
• Energy to break a unit volume of material
• Approximate by the area under the stress-strain
curve.
Engineering smaller toughness (ceramics)
tensile larger toughness
stress, σ (metals, PMCs)
smaller toughness-
unreinforced
polymers
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Ketangguhan: kemampuan
material menyerap energi
hingga patah.
• Material disebut tangguh bila
memiliki baik kekuatan dan
keuletan.
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Fracture surface of tensile specimens
Material Description
mild steel cup-cone, silky
wrought iron ragged, fibrous
cast iron gray, flat,
granular
cold-worked or heat-treated
materials "star fracture"
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Ductile Fracture
Al
Steel
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True Stress and Strain
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Comparison of tensile properties of materials
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Hardness Testing
• Hardness: a measure of material's
resistance to localized plastic
deformation (e.g: small indent or
scratch).
• Measurements:
M t
• Mohs scale: for minerals.
• Brinnel: steel balls (10 mm).
• Vickers: diamond pyramid (136o).
• Rockwell: conical diamond (120o)
or steel balls (1/16 – ½ in).
• Knoop: diamond pyramid.
•Kekerasan: ukuran ketahan
material terhadap deformasi plastis
terlokalisir (mis: indentasi kecil atau
gores).
Mesin Rockwell
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Brinell Hardness Machine
Hardness Testing
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Impact Testing
• Impact energy: the amount of energy that is absorbed by
a material when receiving an impact load, also termed as
notched toughness.
• Method of testing:
Charpy and Izod.
• Position of specimen in
Izod methode
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Impact Testing
• One of the primary functions of Charpy and Izod tests is to
determine whether or not material experiences a ductile-to-
brittle transition, with decreasing temperature.
Physical Properties
Electrical properties Sifat listrik
• Response of materials to • Adalah respons material
an applied electrical field. terhadap medan listrik
• Ohm 'ss law: yang diberikan.
V = IR • Hukum Ohm:
• Where: V = applied V = IR
voltage, I = current, R = • dimana: V = voltase, I =
resistance arus, R = tahanan
• Resistivity: • Resistivitas:
ρ = RA / l [Ωm] ρ = RA / l [Ωm]
• Electrical conductivity: • Konduktivitas listrik:
σ = 1/ρ σ = 1/ρ
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Physical Properties
Electrical properties Konduktivitas listrik untuk
beberapa logam [(Ωm)-1 x
Electrical
metals conductivity
[(Ωm)-1 x 10-7for
]: some 10-7]:
Ag Ag==3.8,
Al 6.8;Fe
Cu= =1.0,
6.0;Stainless
Au = 4.3;
Al ==3.8,
6.8; Cu==1.0,
6 8;Fe 6.0; Au = 4.3;
6 0;Stainless
4 3;
steel = 0.2
steel = 0.2
• Semiconductivity: • Semiconductivitas:
– Intrinsic: – oleh
Intrinsik: disebabkan
struktur elektron
electronicbased on
structure
inherent to theSi,
pure yang dimiliki
material oleh
murni, spt: Si,
material, e.g: Ge.
– Extrinsic: is dictated Ge.
by – oleh
Ekstrinsik: ditentukan
atom paduan,
e.g:impurity atoms,
GaP, GaAs, InSb,
CdS, ZnTe. spt: GaP
CdS, , e.
ZnT GaAs, InSb,
Physical Properties
Thermal Properties Sifat Termal
• Is the response of a material • Adalah respons material
to the application of heat. terhadap panas.
• Heat capacity (C):
(C): the
theability
ability • Kapasitas panas (C):
of materials to absorb heat kemampuan material
from external surrounding. menyerap panas dari
lingkungan luarnya.
C = dQ / dT [J/kg-K]
• Linier coefficient of thermal C = dQ / dT [J/kg-K]
expansion (α): the extent to • Koefisien ekspansi panas
which a material expands linier (α): derajat pemuaian
upon heating [oC-1]. material akibat panas [oC-1].
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Physical Properties
Thermal Properties
q = -k dT/dx q = -k dT/dx
q = fluks panas, k =
q = heat flux, k = thermal
konduktivitas panas, dT/dx =
conductivity, dT/dx =
perbedaan temperatur
temperature gradient
Physical Properties
Magnetic Properties Sifat magnetik
• Diamagnetism: a very weak form of • Diamagnetisme: bentuk
magnetism that is nonpermanent magnetisme yg sangat lemah
and persist only while an external yg tidak tetap dan ada hanya
field is being applied. It is induced bila ada medan magnet luar.
by a change in orbital motion of Disebabkan
Di b bk oleh l h perubahan
b h
electrons due to an applied gerakan orbital elektron akibat
magnetic field. adanya medan magnet.
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Chemical Properties
• Corrosion: destructive and • Korosi: serangan terhadap logam
unintentional attack of a metal, it yang merusak dan tidak
is electrochemical and ordinarily direncanakan, bersifat
begins at the surface. elektrokimia dan biasanya diawali
• Electrochemical reaction: di permukaan.
•Oxidation: M → M n+ + n e-
•Reduction: 2H + + 2 e- → H2
O2 + 4H + + 4 e- → 2H2O
O2 + 2H2O + 4 e- → 4 OH –
• Example:
Fe + ½ O2 + H2O → Fe 2+ + 2 OH – → Fe(OH)2
2Fe(OH)2 + ½ O2 + H2O → Fe(OH)3
Chemical Properties
• Corrosion rate: the rate of • Laju korosi: laju penghilangan
material removal as a material akibat reaksi kimia.
consequence of the chemical • Dinyatakan sebagai laju
action.
penetrasi korosi
• Is expressed as corrosion
penetration rate (CPR).
CPR = KW / ρAt
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Chemical Properties
• Passivity. Some normally • Pasivitas. Beberapa material
active materials, under yang biasanya aktif, dalam
particular environmental kondisi lingkungan tertentu
conditions, lose their dapat kehilangan reaktivitas
chemical reactivity and kimianya dan menjadi
become extremely inert. sangat inert. Hal ini disebut
This is termed passivity. , pasivitas. contohnya: Al, Fe,
e.g: Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Ti. Cr, Ni, Ti.
• Passivity is resulted from • Pasivitas disebabkan oleh
formation of highly adherent terbentuknya lapisan tipis
and thin oxide film on the oksida yang menempel
metal surface. sangat kuat di permukaan
logam.
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