Lecture 17 - Design of Reinforced

Concrete Beams for Shear

November 1, 2001
CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals

• Stirrup Design
 Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior

Look at the shear and

bending moment
diagrams. The acting
shear stress distribution
on the beam.
 Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior

The acting stresses distributed

across the cross-section.

VQ

Ib
The shear stress acting on
the rectangular beam.
 Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior

The equation of the shear stress for a rectangular beam is given as:
3
VQ bh
I  Moment of Inertia
 12
Ib    
bh h bh 2
Q max    *   
Note: The maximum 1st  2   4 8
moment occurs at the neutral
3 V 
axis (NA).  max  *    1.5  ave
2  bh 
 Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior

The ideal shear stress distribution can be described as:

VQ

Ib
Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior
A realistic description of the shear distribution is shown as:
Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior
The shear stress acting along the beam can be described with a
stress block:

Using Mohr’s circle, the stress block can be manipulated to

find the maximum shear and the crack formation.
Inclined Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Typical Crack Patterns for a deep beam.
 Inclined Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Flexural-shear crack - Starts
out as a flexural crack and
propagates due to shear
stress.

Flexural cracks in beams are

vertical (perpendicular to the
tension face).
 Inclined Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete Beams
For deep beam the cracks are
given as:

The shear cracks Inclined

(diagonal) intercept crack with
longitudinal bars plus vertical
or inclined reinforcement.
 Inclined Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete Beams
For deep beam the cracks are
given as:

The shear cracks fail due two

modes:
- shear-tension failure
- shear-compression failure
 Shear Strength of RC Beams
without Web Reinforcement
vcz - shear in compression
zone
va - Aggregate Interlock
forces
vd = Dowel action from
longitudinal bars
Note: vcz increases from
(V/bd) to (V/by) as crack
forms.

Total Resistance = vcz + vay +vd (when no stirrups are used)

Strength of Concrete in Shear
(No Shear Reinforcement)
(1) Tensile Strength of concrete affect inclined
cracking load

(2) Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio, rw

rw 
As
restrains cracks 
bw d
for 0.0075  r w  0.0025 : Vc  2 f cbw d
Strength of Concrete in Shear
(No Shear Reinforcement)
(3) Shear span to depth ratio, a/d (M/(Vd))

a
 2  deep shear spans more detail design required
d
a
 2  Rato has little effect
d
Strength of Concrete in Shear
(No Shear Reinforcement)
(4) Size of Beam
Increase Depth Reduced shear stress at
inclined cracking
(5) Axial Forces
- Axial tension Decreases inclined cracking load
- Axial Compression Increases inclined cracking
load (Delays flexural
cracking)
 Function and Strength of Web
Reinforcement
Function: Web Reinforcement is provided to ensure that
the full flexural capacity can be developed.
(desired a flexural failure mode - shear failure
is brittle)
- Acts as “clamps” to keep shear cracks from
widening
 Function and Strength of Web
Reinforcement
• Uncracked Beam Shear is resisted
uncracked concrete.
• Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by
vcz, vay, vd

Vcz  Shear in compressio n zone

Vay  Vertical component of Aggregate Interlock force
Vd  Dowl Action from longitudin al bars.
 Function and Strength of Web
Reinforcement
• Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by
vcz, vay, vd and vs

Vs increases as cracks
widen until yielding of
stirrups then stirrups
provide constant
resistance.
 Designing to Resist Shear

Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)

Vu  factored shear force at section
Vn  Vu
Vn  Nominal Shear Strength
capacity  demand   0.85 shear   strength reduction factor

Vn  Vc  Vs
Vc  Nominal shear resistance provided by concrete
Vs  Nominal shear provided by the shear reinforcem ent
Shear Strength Provided by Concrete
 Lightweight Concrete:
Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement

Minimum Shear Reinforcement: (11.5.5)

1
Re quired when Vu   Vc
2
Except a  Slabs & Footings
b Concrete Joist Constructi on (defined 8.11)
 10"

c Beams with h  larger of  2.5 t f
1/2 b
 w
 Lightweight Concrete:
Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement

Av min   50
bw s
b w , s in inches 
fy
(provides additional 50 psi of shear strength)

Note: f y  60000 psi for stirrups.

f ct  splitting tensile strength

Vc for Lightweigh t 1 can substitute f ct / 6.7  f c for fc

concrete (11.2) 2  can substitute 0.75 f for f c for all - lightweigh t concrete
c

or can substitute 0.85 f c for f c for standard weight concrete

Typical Shear Reinforcement
Stirrup - perpendicular to axis
of members
(minimum labor - more
material)

Av f y d sin   cos  
Vs 
s
Av f y d
  90;  Vs  (ACI eqn 11 - 15)
s
Typical Shear Reinforcement
Bent Bars (more labor -
minimum material) see
req’d in 11.5.6

Av f y d sin 45  cos 45

Vs 
s
1.41Av f y d
  45;  Vs  (ACI 11 - 5.6)
s
 Stirrup Anchorage Requirements
Vs based on assumption stirrups yield
 Stirrups must be well anchored.
Refer to Sec. 12.12 of ACI 318 for development
of web reinforcement. Requirements:
- each bend must enclose a long bar
- # 5 and smaller can use standard hooks 90o,135o, 180o
- #6, #7,#8(fy = 40 ksi)
- #6, #7,#8(fy > 40 ksi) standard hook plus a min embedment

Also sec. 7.11 requirement for min. stirrups in beams with

compression reinforcement, beams subject to stress reversals, or
beams subject to torsion
 Design Procedure for Shear
(1) Calculate Vu
(2) Calculate Vc Eqn 11-3 or 11-5 (no axial force)
(3) Check

1 If yes, add web reinforcem ent (go to 4)

is Vu  Vc  
2  If no, done.
 Design Procedure for Shear
1
(4) If Vc  Vu  Vc , provide minimum
2
shear reinforcem ent
bw s  Av f ys 
Av min   50  or smax  for min Av 
fy  50bw 

Also: smax
d
  24" 11.5.4
2
(Done)
 Design Procedure for Shear
(5) If Vu  Vc ,  calulate Vs (req' d)
Vu  Vn  Vc  Vs
Vu
 Vs  Vu  Vc  Vs   Vc

Check:

Vs  8 f c bw d otherwise, illegal  11.5.4

 Design Procedure for Shear
(6) Solve for required stirrup spacing(strength) Assume
# 3, #4, or #5 stirrups
Av f ys d
s from 11 -15
Vs
(7) Check minimum steel requirement (eqn 11-13)
Av f ys
smax 
50bw
 Design Procedure for Shear
(8) Check maximum spacing requirement (ACI 11.5.4)
d
If Vs  4 f c bw d  smax   24"
2
d
If Vs  4 f c bw d  smax   12"
4
Note : If Vs  8 f c bw d illegal 

(9) Use smallest spacing from steps 6,7,8

Note: A practical limit to minimum stirrup
spacing is 4 inches.
Location of Maximum Shear for
Beam Design

Compression fan carries

Non-pre-stressed members: load directly into support.

Sections located less than a distance d from

face of support may be designed for same
shear, Vu, as the computed at a distance d.
 Location of Maximum Shear for
Beam Design
When:
1. The support reaction introduces compression
into the end regions of the member
2. No concentrated load occurs with in d from
face of support .
Location of Maximum Shear for
Beam Design

Compression from support at

bottom of beam tends to
close crack at support
Example: Design of Stirrups to Resist Shear
fc = 4000 psi
fy = 60 ksi
wsdl =1.2 k/ft
wll= 1.8 k/ft
fys = 40 ksi
wb = 0.5 k/ft

From flexural design:

will use either a #3 or #4 stirrup