The Laplace Transform

The s-Domain

f (t )  F ( s)
The Laplace Transform of a function, f(t), is defined as;

 f (t )e
 st
L[ f (t )]  F ( s)  dt
0
The Inverse Laplace Transform is defined by

  j
1
j 
1
L [ F ( s)]  f (t )  F ( s)e dsts

2  j
Con’t
 st
Laplace Transform of f (t )  e u(t )
1
F ( s) 
sa
Laplace Transform of the unit step.
1
L[u (t )] 
s
Laplace Transform Pairs
Con’t
 Yes !
Con’t
Laplace Transform Properties
 Examples
• Find laplace transform !

1. e 2 t
 3 cos 6t  5 sin 6t 
2. t sin at
d cos3t
3.
dt
  s   6  3s  30
1. 3  2   5 2  2
 s  36   s  36  s  36
3  s  2   30 3s  24
  2
 s  2   36 s  4s  40
2

d  a  2as
2.   2 2 

ds  s  a   s 2  a 2 2

 s  9
3. s  2  1  2
 s 9 s 9
 Inverse Laplace Transforms
Background:
There are three cases to consider in doing the partial fraction expansion of F(s).
Case 1: F(s) has all non repeated simple roots.
k k k
F ( s)  1  2  . . .  n
s p s p s p
1 2 n
Case 2: F(s) has complex poles:
P (s) k k*
F ( s)  1  1  1  . . . 
Q (s)(s    j  )(s    j  ) s    j  s   j )
1

Case 3: F(s) has repeated poles.

P ( s) k k k P ( s)
F ( s)  1  11  12  . . .  1r  . . .  1
Q ( s)( s  p ) r s p (s  p ) 2 (s  p ) r Q (s)
1 1 1 1 1 1
Case 1: Illustration:
Given:
4( s  2) A1 A2 A3
F ( s)    
( s  1)( s  4)( s  10) ( s  1) ( s  4) ( s  10)

Find A1, A2, A3 from Heavyside

( s  1)4( s  2) ( s  4)4( s  2)
A1  |  4 27 A2  | 49
( s  1)( s  4)( s  10) s  1 ( s  1)( s  4)( s  10) s  4

( s  10)4( s  2)
A3  |   16 27
( s  1)( s  4)( s  10) s  10


f ( t )  (4 27)e  t  (4 9)e  4t  ( 16 27)e 10t u( t ) 
Case 2: Complex Roots: F(s) is of the form;

P1 ( s ) K1 K 1*
F ( s)     ...
Q1 ( s )( s    j )( s    j ) s    j s    j )

K1 is given by,
( s    j ) P1 ( s )
K1  |s    j
Q1 ( s ) ( s    j )( s    j )

j
K 1  | K 1 |   | K 1 | e
 Case 2: Complex Roots:
j  j
K1 K 1* | K1 | e | K 1e
  
s    j s    j s    j s    j

 | K | e j  j 
1 
| K | e
  j t jt  j t  jt 
L 1  1  | K | e e e e e e 
 s    j s    j  1  
 

 e j ( t   )  e j (  t   ) 
 j t jt  j t  jt   at  
| K | e e e e e e   2| K | e
1  1  2 
 
Case 2: Complex Roots:

Therefore:

 | K | e j | K | e
 j 
L1  1  1   2 | K | e t cos( t   )
 s    j s    j  1
 

You should put this in your memory:

Complex Roots: An Example.

For the given F(s) find f(t)

( s  1) ( s  1)
F ( s)  
s( s 2  4 s  5) s( s  2  j )( s  2  j )

A K1 K 1*
F ( s)   
s s2 j s2 j

( s  1) 1
A  | 
( s 2  4 s  5) | s  0 5

( s  1)  2 j 1
K1  || s   2  j   0.32  108o
s( s  2  j ) ( 2  j )( 2 j )
Complex Roots: An Example. (continued)

We then have;

0.2 0.32  108o 0.32  108o

F ( s)   
s s2 j s2 j

Recalling the form of the inverse for complex roots;

f (t )   0.2  0.64 e  2t cos(t 108o ) u (t )

 
Circuit theory problem:
You are given the circuit shown below.

t=0 6k
 

+ +
12 V _ v(t) 3k
_ 100  F

Use Laplace transforms to find v(t) for t > 0.

Circuit theory problem:
We see from the circuit,

t=0 6k
 

+ +
12 V _ v(t) 3k
_ 100  F

3
v (0)  12 x  4 volts
9
 Take the Laplace transform
of this equations including
dvc ( t )
the initial conditions on vc(t) RC  vc (t )  0
dt
Circuit theory problem:
dvc ( t ) v c t 
 0
dt RC
+ 3k 6k
vc(t) i(t)
_ 100  F

 5v c t   0
dvc ( t )
dt
Circuit theory problem:

dvc ( t )
 5 vc ( t )  0
dt

sVc ( s )  4  5Vc ( s )  0

4
Vc ( s ) 
s5

vc ( t )  4 e  5 t u( t )
Tentukan transformasi laplacenya !

Tentukan invers transformasi laplacenya !

Tentukan besarnya i(t) !