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Energy Changes
What we are learning under this topic
Energy is the
ability to do work
Forms of Energy
For example;
Reaction between a strong acid and strong base - Heat
Generally,
Heat of reaction,
∆H = H(product) – H(reactant)
Relationship between Lattice Energy,
heat of solution and heat of hydration
When chemical reactions occur, it is accompanied by a series of
bond - breaking and bond – forming.
Bond - breaking is endothermic (+ve)
Bond - forming is exothermic (-ve)
Endothermic change (∆H = + ve) occurs when
Bond-breaking energy(∆H = +ve) > Bond forming energy (∆H=-ve)
Exothermic change (∆H = - ve) occurs when
Bond-breaking energy (∆H = +ve) < Bond forming energy (∆H=-ve)
The value of ∆H is accurately
determined experimentally with the aid
of a calorimeter
Pressure of 1 atm (or 1.01 x 105 nm-2 or 760 mmHg) for gases
Splitting of the ions in the crystal into free ions by water molecules.
Energy involved – Lattice energy (endothermic )
∆G = ∆H - T ∆S
Gibb’s free energy, G, is the energy available to do work.
Thermodynamics
Mathematically,
∆U = q + w
∆U = Change in internal energy
q = heat absorbed by the system
w = work done by the system
The second law of thermodynamics states that a
spontaneous process occurs only if there is an
increase in the entropy of a system and its
surrounding.
So, from ∆G = ∆H - T ∆S
And Eθ = RT ln K
nF
Example
∆Gθ = -RT ln K
= -8.314 JK-1 mol -1 X 298K x ln (1.78 x 10-7)
= -8.314JK-1 mol -1 x 298 K x (-15.5415)
= +38,505.14 J K-1 mol -1
= + 38.51kJ mol-1
Equations to remember
∆U = q + w
∆𝑯
∆S =
𝑻
∆G = ∆H - T ∆S
∆Gθ = -RT ln K
∆Gθ = - n F E θ
Reflection Time
A. Be indeterminate
B. Be spontaneous
C. Not be spontaneous
D. Be at equilibrium
Further Practice
For the equilibrium reaction;
SO2(g) + NO2(g) SO3(g) + NO(g)
The change in the standard free energy was
found to be -35.15 KJmol-1 at 25oC. Calculate
the equilibrium constant for the reaction at
this temperature.
Answer
K = 1.45 x 106
The solubility product of lead sulphide, PbS,
is 1.3 x 10-28 at 25oC, determine the solubility
of lead sulphide at this temperature