Chapter 9

Stock Valuation

Copyright © 2015 by the McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). All rights reserved.

Key Concepts and Skills
 Understand how stock prices depend on future
dividends and dividend growth
 Be able to compute stock prices using the
dividend growth model
 Understand how growth opportunities affect
stock values
 Understand valuation comparables
 Understand how stock markets work

9-1
Chapter Outline
9.1 The Present Value of Common Stocks
9.2 Estimates of Parameters in the Dividend Discount
Model
9.3 Growth Opportunities
9.4 Comparables
9.5 Valuing the Entire Firm
9.6 The Stock Markets

9-2
9.1 The PV of Common Stocks
 The value of any asset is the present value of its
expected future cash flows.
 Stock ownership produces cash flows from:
 Dividends
 Capital Gains
 Valuation of Different Types of Stocks
 Zero Growth
 Constant Growth
 Differential Growth

9-3
Case 1: Zero Growth
 Assume that dividends will remain at the same level
forever
Div 1  Div 2  Div 3  
 Since future cash flows are constant, the value of a zero
growth stock is the present value of a perpetuity:

Div 1 Div 2 Div 3

P0    
(1  R ) (1  R ) (1  R )
1 2 3

Div
P0 
R
9-4
Case 2: Constant Growth
Assume that dividends will grow at a constant rate, g,
forever, i.e.,
Div 1  Div 0 (1  g )
Div 2  Div 1 (1  g )  Div 0 (1  g ) 2
Div 3  Div 2 (1  g )  Div 0 (1  g ) 3
..
.
Since future cash flows grow at a constant rate forever,
the value of a constant growth stock is the present value
of a growing perpetuity:
Div 1
P0 
Rg 9-5
Constant Growth Example
 Suppose Big D, Inc., just paid a dividend of
$.50. It is expected to increase its dividend by
2% per year. If the market requires a return of
15% on assets of this risk level, how much
should the stock be selling for?
 P0 = .50(1+.02) / (.15 - .02) = $3.92

9-6
Case 3: Differential Growth
 Assume that dividends will grow at different
rates in the foreseeable future and then will
grow at a constant rate thereafter.
 To value a Differential Growth Stock, we need
to:
 Estimate future dividends in the foreseeable future.
 Estimate the future stock price when the stock
becomes a Constant Growth Stock (case 2).
 Compute the total present value of the estimated
future dividends and future stock price at the
appropriate discount rate. 9-7
Case 3: Differential Growth
 Assume that dividends will grow at rate g1 for N
years and grow at rate g2 thereafter.
Div 1  Div 0 (1  g1 )
Div 2  Div 1 (1  g 1 )  Div 0 (1  g 1 ) 2
..
.
Div N  Div N 1 (1  g 1 )  Div 0 (1  g 1 ) N

Div N 1  Div N (1  g 2 )  Div 0 (1  g 1 ) N (1  g 2 )

..
.
9-8
Case 3: Differential Growth
Dividends will grow at rate g1 for N years and grow
at rate g2 thereafter

Div 0 (1  g 1 ) Div 0 (1  g 1 ) 2
…
0 1 2
Div N (1  g 2 )
Div 0 (1  g 1 ) N  Div 0 (1  g1 ) N (1  g 2 )
… …
N N+1 9-9
Case 3: Differential Growth
We can value this as the sum of:
 a T-year annuity growing at rate g1

C  (1  g1 ) 
T
PA  1  T 
R  g1  (1  R ) 
 plus the discounted value of a perpetuity growing at
rate g2 that starts in year T+1
 Div T 1 
 
 R  g2 
PB 
(1  R ) T
9-10
Case 3: Differential Growth
Consolidating gives:

 Div T 1 
 
C  (1  g1 )T   R  g 2 
P 1  T 

R  g1  (1  R )  (1  R ) T

Or, we can “cash flow” it out.

9-11
A Differential Growth Example
A common stock just paid a dividend of $2. The
dividend is expected to grow at 8% for 3 years,
then it will grow at 4% in perpetuity.
What is the stock worth? The discount rate is 12%.

9-12
With the Formula
 $2(1.08) 3 (1.04) 
 
$2  (1.08)  (1.08) 3   .12  .04 

P 1  3

.12  .08  (1.12)  (1.12) 3

P  $54  1  .8966  
$32.75 
3
(1.12)

P  $ 5 . 58  $ 23 . 31 P  $ 28 .89
9-13
 With Cash Flows
$ 2(1 .08) $ 2(1 .08) 2 $ 2(1 .08) 3 $ 2(1 .08) 3 (1 .04 )
…
0 1 2 3 4
$2.62 The constant
$ 2 .16 $ 2 .33 $2.52  growth phase
.12  .04 beginning in year 4
can be valued as a
0 1 2 3 growing perpetuity
at time 3.
$ 2 .16 $ 2.33 $ 2.52  $32.75
P0   2
 3
 $ 28.89
1 .12 (1.12) (1 .12) $ 2.62
P3   $32 .75
.08 9-14
9.2 Estimates of Parameters
 The value of a firm depends upon its growth
rate, g, and its discount rate, R.
 Where does g come from?
g = Retention ratio × Return on retained earnings

9-15
Where Does R Come From?
 The discount rate can be broken into two parts.
 The dividend yield
 The growth rate (in dividends)

 In practice, there is a great deal of estimation

error involved in estimating R.

9-16
Using the DGM to Find R
 Start with the DGM:
D 0 (1  g) D1
P0  
R -g R -g
Rearrange and solve for R:
D 0 (1  g) D1
R g g
P0 P0

9-17
9.3 Growth Opportunities
 Growth opportunities are opportunities to
invest in positive NPV projects.
 The value of a firm can be conceptualized as
the sum of the value of a firm that pays out
100% of its earnings as dividends plus the net
present value of the growth opportunities.
EPS
P  NPVGO
R
9-18
NPVGO Model: Example
Consider a firm that has forecasted EPS of $5,
a discount rate of 16%, and is currently priced
at $75 per share.
 We can calculate the value of the firm as a cash cow.
EPS $ 5
P0    $ 31 .25
R .16
 So, NPVGO must be: $75 - $31.25 = $43.75

9-19
9.4 Comparables
 Comparables are used to value companies based
primarily on multiples.
 Common multiples include:
 Price-to-Earnings
 Enterprise Value Ratios

9-20
Price-Earnings Ratio
 The price-earnings ratio is calculated as the current
stock price divided by annual EPS.
 The Wall Street Journal uses last 4 quarter’s earnings

Price per share

P/E ratio 
EPS

9-21
PE and NPVGO
EPS
 Recall, P  NPVGO
R
 Dividing every term by EPS provides the following description
of the PE ratio:

1 NPVGO
PE  
R EPS
 So, a firm’s PE ratio is positively related to growth
opportunities and negatively related to risk (R)

9-22
Enterprise Value Ratios
 The PE ratio focuses on equity, but what if we want the value of
the firm?
 Use Enterprise Value:
 EV = market value of equity + market value of debt - cash
 Like PE, we compare the value to a measure of earnings. From
a firm level, this is EBITDA, or earnings before interest, taxes,
depreciation, and amortization.
 EBITDA represents a measure of total firm cash flow
 The Enterprise Value Ratio = EV / EBITDA

9-23
9.5 The Stock Markets
 Dealers vs. Brokers
 New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
 Largest stock market in the world
 License Holders (formerly “Members”)
 Entitled to buy or sell on the exchange floor
 Operations
 Floor activity

9-24
NASDAQ
 Not a physical exchange – computer-based
quotation system
 Multiple market makers
 Electronic Communications Networks
 Three levels of information
 Level 1 – median quotes, registered representatives
 Level 2 – view quotes, brokers & dealers
 Level 3 – view and update quotes, dealers only
 Large portion of technology stocks
9-25
Stock Market Reporting
52 WEEKS YLD VOL NET
HI LO STOCK SYM DIV % PE 100s CLOSE CHG
21.89 9.41 Gap Inc GPS 0.34 3.1 8 88298 11.06 0.45
Gap pays a
dividend of 34
Gap has cents/share. Gap ended trading at
been as high $11.06, which is up 45
as $21.89 in cents from yesterday.
the last year. Given the current
price, the dividend
yield is 3.1%.

8,829,800 shares traded

Gap has been as Given the current hands in the last day’s
low as $9.41 in price, the PE ratio is trading.
the last year. 8 times earnings.
9-26
Quick Quiz
 What determines the price of a share of stock?
 What determines g and R in the DGM?

 Decompose a stock’s price into constant

growth and NPVGO values.
 Discuss the importance of valuation ratios.

 What are some of the major characteristics of

NYSE and Nasdaq?

9-27