TOWARDS AN URBAN

MANIFESTO
Jan 29 2014
 Organization
• Urbanization Trends
• Features of Urbanization
• Challenges
• Planned Urban Development
• Approach and Strategy
• Towards an Urban Development Manifesto
1. URBANIZATION TRENDS
 Urbanization Trends; India

For the first time since

independence the
absolute increase in
population is more in
urban areas than in
rural areas….
Original Illustration by Ahmed Raza Khan; Mint
 Urbanisation scenario
590
In MGI’s base-case scenario, cities are likely to
house 40 percent of India’s population by 2030 +250

Urban Population
340

millions
290
220

1991 2001 2008 2030

Total Population
856 1,040 1,155 1,470
millions
Urbanisation rate % 26 28 30 40

Source: India Urbanisation Econometric Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

 Urban Population (million) 377.2

Urban population increase attributed to

(a) National increase 44.0*

(b) Rural-urban migration 21.12

(c) Reclassification 56.0*

(d) Boundary changes 9.71

% of urban to total population 31.16

% of urban India to world population 17.5

% of population in cities with > 100,000 70.24
population
% of population in towns with 29.76
(<100,000 population)
% of population in metropolitan cities 42.62
(+1 million)
• Urbanization highest in Class I towns
• 70% of GDP to come from urban areas
• Improvements in infrastructure and service
delivery
• Growing poverty
• “Pull” factors + Mixed economy approach
• Response: projects/ Schemes across sectors
60

48.0 50.6
50

40

31.2
30

20 Series1

10

India Kerala World

Percentage of urban population to the total population

11
Urbanization in Kerala; trends and features

•Kerala has seen a

continuing increase in
the share of its urban
population

• The last decade

witnessed the highest
level of urbanization in
the state’s history

• The trend is expected

to continue
Source: Census of India various years;
State Urbanization Report 2011 (Chief
Town Planner, Government of Kerala)
 • Unlike elsewhere in India, the state is not
Million Plus Urban Agglomerations in Kerala witnessing an increasing concentration in existing
Name of UA Population urban areas
Kochi 2117990
• Kerala’s urbanization is being fuelled by an
Kozhikkode 2030519 increase in the number of urban areas and
Thrissur 1854783 urbanization of peripheral areas of existing urban
Malappuram 1698645 centres
Thiruvananthapuram 1687406
• Kerala’s major urban centres are fairly well
Kannur 1642892 distributed, geographically
Kollam 1110005 Source: Census of India various years
2. FEATURES OF URBANIZATION
 Rural- Urban Divide

“In Rome you long for the country; in the

country - oh inconstant! - you praise the distant
city to the stars.”
• ~Horace, Satires
 Inequality?
• “Any city however small, is in fact divided into
two, one the city of the poor, the other of the
rich. These are at war with one another.”

Plato (BC 427-BC 347) Greek philosopher.

 Endless opportunities
• “How soon country people forget. When they fall
in love with a city it is forever, and it is like
forever.
• As though there never was a time when they
didn't love it. The minute they arrive at the train
station or get off the ferry and glimpse the wide
streets and the wasteful lamps lighting them,
they know they are born for it.
• There, in a city, they are not so much new as
themselves: their stronger, riskier selves.”
• ---Toni Morrison, Jazz
 Growth

• Growth is inevitable and desirable. The

question is not whether your part of the
world is going to change. The question is how.
Edward McMahon
 sustainability

“One thing is sure. The earth is now more cultivated and

developed than ever before. There is more farming with pure
force, swamps are drying up, and cities are springing up on
unprecedented scale. We’ve become a burden to our planet.
Resources are becoming scarce, and soon nature will no longer
be able to satisfy our needs.”

Quintus Septimus Florens Tertullianus, Roman theologian, 200 AD

 Planning
• “We need to draw lines in the ground and say, ‘The concrete stops here.’
That forces people to build in and up, rather than out – and there’s
nothing wrong with high, dense urban environments as long as they’re
planned correctly. They can be extremely livable. They tend to require
less transportation, fewer sewer lines, fewer power lines, fewer roads,
and more tightly packed structures, which in and of themselves are more
energy efficient.”

Patrick Moore, co-founder of Greenpeace

3. CHALLENGES
 Urbanization Projection- 2030

590 million people will 5 times - the number by 70 percent of net new
live in cities which GDP will have employment will be
multiplied by 2030 generated in cities

270 million people net 68 cities will have 91 million urban

increase in working-age population of households
population 1 million plus, up from 42 will be middle class, up
today; from
Europe has 35 today 22 million today

$1.2 trillion capital investment is necessary to meet projected

demand in India's cities

22
 Supply-Demand gap projections
(Business as Usual)
Water Supply Sewage
(Billion liters per day) ( Billion liters per day)

GAP to increase 3.5 times GAP to increase 2 times

2007 2030 2007 2030
56 83 95 189 13 66 42 151
Solid Waste Affordable Housing
(Million tons per annum) (Million units)

GAP to increase 4 times GAP - 38 million units

2007 2030 2007 2030
51 71 295 377 5 30 12 50
Source: ‘India’s Urban Awakening’ (McKinsey 2010)
 Basic Infrastructure
• There is a urban housing shortage of 18.78 million
• According to the 2011 census, only 70.6% of urban population is
covered by individual water connections compared with China
(91%), South Africa (86%) and Brazil (80%)
• Duration of water supply in India cities is only between one to six
hours
• According to 2011 census, about 13% of urban population
defecate in the open, about 37% are connected by open drains
and 18% are not connected at all.
• The number of urban poor has increased by about 34.4% between
1993-2004.
• in about 20 years time, the expected journey speed of major
corridors in many cities would fall from 26-17 kmph to 8-6 kmph.
• The per capita emission levels in India’s seven largest cities have
been estimated to be at least three times than WHO standards.
 Governance
• Transfer of all the 18 functions identified in
the 74th Constitutional Amendment to the
ULBs.

• City government – focal point

 Financing
• The total capital investments required in urban infrastructure
over the next 20 years has been estimated to be about Rs. 39
lakh crore.

• The share of Urban Local Bodies own revenues has declined

significantly from 63% in 2002-03 to about 53% in 2007-08

• Non predictability of funds

• Conventional funding mechanisms – inadequate devolution,

lack of innovative approaches
 Capacities
• Substantial skill gaps exist across all areas of
urban management.
• Lack of dedicated municipal cadre
• R& D Institutions, training facilities
• Inflexible procurement procedures

“Our civil services should be better equipped with skills

for managing urbanization and urban spaces”-
Prime Minister of India 22 April 2013
 Water Supply
• Coverage
• Disparity in Access to urban poor
• Continuity in provision
• Weak finances, poor recovery of costs of O&M
• Distribution network inadequate
• Quality issues
 Sanitation
• Coverage
• School/ Public facilities inadequate
• Slum sanitation
• Onsite treatment and disposal
• Slum sanitation
• Networked facilities-inadequate
• Recycling waste water
• Maintenance lacking
• Institutional “home” lacking
 Solid Waste Management
• Collection system
• Treatment technologies
• Land for disposal and treatment
• Partnership models to be strengthened
• Role of CBOs/NGOs/ private sector not
systematized
• Hazardous waste, construction debris, e waste
etc
 Benchmarks : Water Supply
Proposed Indicator Benchmark
Coverage of Water Supply Connections 100%

Per capita availability of water at consumer end 135 lpcd

Extent of metering of water connections 100%
Extent of non revenue water 15%
Continuity of Water Supply 24X7
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints 80%
Adequacy of Treatment and Disinfection and Quality of Water 100%
Supplied
Cost recovery in water supply services 100%
Efficiency in collection of water supply related charges 90%
Number of persons receiving less than 70 lpcd 0%
 Benchmarks : Sewerage
Proposed Indicator Benchmark
Coverage of Waste Water Network Services 100%

Collection Efficiency of Waste Water Network 100%

Adequacy of waste water treatment capacity 100%
Quality of waste water treatment 100%
Extent of reuse and recycling of treated waste water 20%
Extent of cost recovery in waste water management 100%
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints 80%

Efficiency in collection of sewerage charges 90%

Extent of Sewer House Connection 100%
Coverage of Toilets 100%
 Benchmarks : Solid Waste Management
Proposed Indicator Benchmark
Household level coverage of Solid Waste Management services 100%

Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste 100%

Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste 100%
Extent of municipal solid waste recovered/recycled 80%
Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste 100%
Extent of cost recovery in solid waste management services 100%
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints 80%

Efficiency in collection of user charges 90%

Extent of processing and treatment of MSW 100%
 Benchmarks : Storm Water Drainage
Proposed Indicator Benchmark
Coverage of Storm Water Drainage Network 100%

Incidence of water logging/ flooding 0%

 Water Supply - Median Analysis
S.n Indicator Unit Benchmark Median
o Value
1 Coverage of water supply connections % 100 67.5
2 Per capita availability at consumer end Lpcd 135 93
3 Extent of metering of water connections % 100 0
4 Extent of Non Revenue water % 20 30
5 Continuity of Water Supply 24 X 7 1.3
6 Efficiency in redressal of customer % 80 90
complaints
7 Adequacy of Treatment and Disinfection % 100 70
and Quality of Water Supplied
8 Cost recovery in water supply services % 100 25
9 Efficiency in collection of water supply % 90 60
related charges
S.n Indicator Sewerage – MedianUnitAnalysis
Benchmark Median
o Value
1 Coverage of Toilets % 100 70
2 Coverage of Waste Water Network Services % 100 23.5
3 Collection Efficiency of Waste Water % 100 0
Network
4 Adequacy of waste water treatment % 100 0
capacity
5 Quality of waste water treatment 100 0
6 Extent of reuse and recycling of treated % 20 0
waste water
7 Extent of cost recovery in waste water % 100 0
management
8 Efficiency in redressal of customer % 80 0
complaints
9 Efficiency in collection of sewerage charges % 90 0
 Solid Waste Management – Median Analysis
S.no Indicator Unit Benchmark Median
Value
1 Household level coverage of Solid Waste % 100 47.5
Management services
2 Efficiency of collection of municipal solid % 100 70
waste
3 Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste % 100 10
4 Extent of municipal solid waste % 80 67.5
recovered/recycled
5 Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid % 100 20
waste
6 Extent of cost recovery in solid waste % 80 4
management services
7 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints % 80 65
8 Efficiency in collection of user charges % 90 30
 Storm Water Drainage – Median Analysis

S.n Indicator Unit Benchmark Median

o Value
1 Coverage of Storm Water Drainage % 100 60
Network
2 Incidence of water logging/ flooding Number 0 3
4. PLANNED URBAN DEVELOPMENT
2500 B.C.
 Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
•The lower city was laid out in a
gridiron with the main streets about
45 feet wide.
•Private houses, almost every one
with its own well, bathing space,
and toilet consisting of a brick seat
over a drainage area.
•Brick-lined drains flushed by water
carried liquid and solid waste to
sumps, where it was carted away,
probably to fertilize nearby fields.
 High and increasing rates of
urbanization together with
increasing dependence on cities for
economic growth, calls for well
planned and immediate attention
to the specific needs of the
stretched city
 Urban Planning defined
“City planning embraces the
organization or conscious
influencing, of land-use distribution
in an area already built-up or
intended to become built-up.
(Wikipedia )

S.P.Shorey ASCI april 2013 45

 Who does city planning
• Municipalities and Municipal
Corporations****
• Urban and Metropolitan Development
Authorities.
• Special bodies like the NCR Planning Board –
Regional Plans and Functional Plans
• **** The Myth regarding Municipal bodies.

S.P.Shorey ASCI april 2013 46

 The common process for planning for an
existing city
• An intention to prepare a plan is announced usually for a target year: say
2031- and the area is defined.
• Base maps are drawn up.
• Land use surveys are done-an Existing Land Use map is drawn.
• Statistical data is gathered and analysed
• Current urban problems are identified
• Population projections are made and land and infrastructure
requirements computed.
• A draft future land use plan is evolved.
• Land use and building regulations are made to be read with the plans.
• Draft Plan is published by law for public objections and suggestions.
• objections and suggestions are examined/hearing done.
• Local Bodies are consulted.
• Final plan is approved by the State Governments and notified by law.

S.P.Shorey ASCI april 2013 47

 Aftermath
• The governments / authorities continue the
exercise of relaxing the land use plan and
granting exemptions to rules and regulations.
• people develop their properties as usual-
• some follow the plan some do not.

S.P.Shorey ASCI april 2013 48

 Lewis Keeble-
“We are concerned in town planning with”:

Ensuring accessibility aesthetics separation of

incompatible uses

deriving urban form

based on topography
economy and efficiency.
providing space for all urban needs
S.P.Shorey ASCI april 2013 49
 A typical
Master Plan
Land Use map

S.P.Shorey ASCI april 2013 50

 Why Urban Planning?
• “A number of people wonder if there really is
a need for urban planning because,
• in most cities, planning is done by sectors, (for
instance, water, transport, housing, etc) and
those sectors are very often managed pretty
well.”
• Alain Bertaud asserts “Urban planning is
supposed to “plan” across sectors.

S.P.Shorey ASCI april 2013 51

 Planned development
• India’s urbanization effort is being implemented
through disjointed projects / activities with
inadequate or no planning for the urban area as a
whole.
• The Master Plan approach focuses on only the core
area of the city and has little linkages to any financial
and operational strategy.
• City Development Plan – operational issues
• No incentives for strategic densification of cities /
new towns on growth corridors.
5. APPROACH AND STRATEGY
Jawharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission (JnNURM)

A response to emerging urban challenges

Launched on
3rd December, 2005

54
 Two Track Strategy
Track 1

Urban Infrastructure & Governance (MoUD)

65
JNNURM
Cities
Basic Services for the Urban Poor (MoHPA)

Track 2

Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme

for Small and Medium Towns (MoUD)
UIDSSMT / Other Cities
IHSDP and Towns
Integrated Housing and Slum Development
Programme (MoHPA)

55
 DPRs in Priority Sectors

Role for Private Sector –Infra., Process of Approvals

Management & Resources

Strategy

Timelines for Reform

Capacity Building
Implementation

Revolving Fund for Asset

Management
 Admissible Components- Infrastructure
Urban Renewal – Redevelopment of inner cities

Water Supply (including de-salination plants) and sanitation

Sewerage and Drains and Storm Water Drains

Solid Waste Management

Urban Transport including roads, highways /expressways /MRTS / Metro projects

Parking spaces on PPP basis

Development of Heritage Areas

Prevention and Rehabilitation of Soil Erosion/ Land sites

Preservation of Water bodies

Power, Telecom, Health, Education, Wage Employment and Staff components are
Administrative Staff College of India 57
not admissible Centre for Good Governance
 Admissible Components - IHSDP
Integrate development of Slums – Housing and Infrastructure

Basic services to poor

Slum improvement and Rehabilitation

Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage, Community Toilets, Baths

Housing for the poor drains and Storm water drains

Environmental improvement of slums and SWM

Street Lighting

Civic amenities- Community Halls, Child Care Centres, etc,.

O&M of Assets created under BSUP

Convergence of health, education and social security Schemes for the poor

Power, Telecom, Wage Employment, Staff components and Creation of fresh

Administrative Staff College of India 58
Employment Opportunities are notCentre
admissible
for Good Governance
 UIDSSMT - Key Elements
ULB
State / ULB

Time line for Reform

<<CDP >>
Agenda

DPR
DPR
DPR
DPR

1. Tripartite MoA
2. Application for funds to State Govt

59
 Linkage with reforms
CDP culminates with Projects and Reform Investments

City Investment Plan Improved Municipal Services

Capital Improved
Investments Management

Infrastructure
Projects Reforms

60
 Urban Reforms
Improved Reforms
Governance

Mandatory Optional
Improved Reform Ensure
Credit
Objectives sustainability
worthiness

Improved
State ULB State ULB
service delivery
Level Level Level Level

61
 Key Reform Outcomes & Responsibilities

Desired ULB Responsibilities State Responsibilities

outcome
City-wide • City Development Plan • Devolve functions to ULBs, including
framework for geographical and functional and
• Expenditure reduction planning consolidation
planning and
governance • Establish accountability platforms

Transparent • Financial mgt assessment • Promulgate new accounting stds with

financial ring fencing, subsidy reporting,
• Introduce multi-year budgets, new capital accounting
management- accounting standards, asset
budget and registers, procurement regulations • Introduce multi-year budget rules
accounts with ring fencing, liability
• Publish quarterly audit report management, subsidy provisions
• Budget balanced • Modernise procurement regulations

Universal • Pro-poor subsidies & targets for • M&E , regulatory and subsidy
access to basic connections of poor framework for all urban services
services • MIS • Professionalize service providers
• Professionalize service providers • PPP framework
63
 Key Reform Outcomes & Responsibilities

Desired outcome ULB Responsibilities State Responsibilities

Financial self- • Revenue improvement • Devolve revenue sources

sustainability • GIS and MIS • Transparent, predictable framework
for fund transfers

Efficient and • Professionalize property • Repeal ULCRA

equitable urban management
• Reform rent control laws
land market • Simplify rezoning, construction
• Rationalize stamp duty
• Computerize land titles
• Devolve land mgt

Transparent, • Introduce Area Sabhas and • Enact Public Disclosure Law

accountable ward committees
• Enact Community Participation Law
governance and • Publish performance reports
service delivery
• Introduce service scorecards
• Monitor service quality

64
 Funding Access

Disbursement of
Identification Sanction by
Preparation ACA
and prioritisation of DPRs
Appraisal CSMC/EFC/CC
of projects EA

Project
Implementation

Stakeholder CDP Vision

Appraisal
consultation Document
Subsequent fund
disbursement

Building Decide on the Implementation of reform

Reform Negotiate and agenda
Consensus of Reform Action
Agenda enter into MoA
Plan •Financial Reforms
the reforms
•Institutional Reforms
•Legal & Regu. Reforms
•Community Participation &
Empowerment

65
 Support Initiatives
• Comprehensive capacity building
• Service level benchmarking
• National mission on sustainable habitat
• National urban sanitation policy
• Slum free city planning
 Rajiv Awas Yojana
• Approved by Central Govt. on 3rd September 2013 as a
Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for 2013-2022

• Continuation of Affordable Housing in Partnership with

amendments as part of RAY

• Extension of JnNURM Mission period by one year i.e.

upto March 2015 for completion of ongoing projects

Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty

67
Alleviation
 Coverage of RAY
• All cities/UAs eligible
• Selection by States/UTs in consultation with Centre.
• States/UTs to assess their own resources and availability of
allocated fund under the scheme while selecting cities.
• Priority to be accorded to:
 Cities/UAs with large population of slum dwellers.
 Predominance of SC/ST/minority population/other vulnerable
section of the society.
 District headquarters, cities of religious, historic, cultural,
heritage and tourist importance
• Cities/UAs covered under preparatory phase automatically
included.

Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty

68
Alleviation
 Implementation Strategy

• 2 step implementation strategy:

– Preparation of Slum free City Plans of Action (SFCPoAs) on

‘whole city’ basis and

– Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) on ‘whole slum’ basis for

selected slums as prioritised in SFCPoA

Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty

69
Alleviation
 Implementation Strategy - SFCPOA

• Preparation of SFCPoAs requires:

– Survey of all Slums
– Data Entry into MIS
– GIS Mapping
– GIS-MIS integration

• SFCPoA contains two parts :

– Curative Strategy for slum redevelopment of
all existing slums and
– Preventive Strategy for containment of
growth of slums in future.
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
70
Alleviation
 Elements- characteristic of City Planning

(1) general plans that summarize the objectives of (and

restraints on) land development;
(2) zoning and subdivision controls that specify permissible land
uses, densities, and requirements for streets, utility
services, and other improvements;
(3) plans for traffic flow and public transportation;
(4) strategies for economic revitalization of depressed urban
and rural areas;
(5) strategies for supportive action to help disadvantaged
social groups; and
(6) guidelines for environmental protection and preservation of
scarce resources.
"City Planning," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation.

S.P.Shorey ASCI april 2013 71

 City Development Plan
Every city prepares a CDP

 A precondition to access funds under JnNURM

 Adoption of consultative process
 20 –25 year perspective
 Formulation of vision and strategies
 Defines where the city wants to go
 In consonance with city’s master plan
 Periodic revision and updation
 City Development Plan (CDP)
Facilitate Local Economic Growth

“create economically productive, Pro growth

efficient, equitable and responsive
cities”

Improved Municipal Services

Pro poor

Improving conditions for poor

74
 Where are
we now ?

A perspective
What and vision for Where do
strategies
are the future we want to
development go ?
required ?
of the city

What are
priority
needs ?
 CDP; Approach & Key Features

• Comprehensive
Curative
• Prioritises the urban
infrastructure and other
developments

Preventive • Includes an Investment Plan

• Factors in the limitations and

constraints of the Municipal
organisation
Betterment
• Identifies how the ULB would be
able to coordinate and finance
the implementation of the
various initiatives.
 Urban Vision
“Revitalized urban areas of compact urban forms, distributed in a
balanced and orderly manner in Kerala, that perform urban
functions complementary to the rural hinterland and act as
engines of development”.

77
Rethinking in Planning

• Master Plans (spatial aspects and its regulation)

inappropriate
 Strategic Planning
• Development much more than physical
development
infrastructure development &service delivery
• Resources mostly with individuals and private
companies
 broaden stakeholders
CDP in the Context of JNNURM &UIDSSMT

 New programs seeks to develop cities that are

aligned with citizen interests
Support financial investments required by the city
Seek reform commitments to ensure sustainability

Cities are expected to articulate

their vision
their plans
their commitment
Through a City Development Plan
What is City Development Plan?

 Comprehensive living document (continual updation,

modifications and renewal)

 Outlining vision and development strategy

 Widest Consultations
 Identification of thrust areas of priority
 Key Features
Prepared for a period of 20-25 years (2012-2032)

• Presents current stage of city’s development – where are

we now? (situational analysis)

• Projects aspirations of the city – what/where do we want

to be? (vision statements)

• Integrates infrastructure development with socio-

economic development and municipal reforms (sectoral
emphasis)
• Addressing Inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral linkages
• Participation by and consultation - widest range of stakeholders – to
ensure CDP has collective ownership and reflects the voice of all sections
of society.

• Attempts to assess socio-economic needs, especially of the poorest

groups ( formal and informal settlements) - ensure that the goals,
strategies and plans promote inclusive growth, and provide the
environment to alleviate poverty.
• Transparent system for prioritization of issues
• Financial projections, which are affordable, from known funding streams.
• Balance the resource availability (social, economic, cultural and natural)
with the requirements of the plan for the medium term?
• Can the internal resources finance priority investments? Are there other
options for leveraging finances?
Formulating a City Development Plan

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

Future City
Strategies for
City Assessment perspective Investment
development
and vision Plan
Opportunities Direction of change Options and Estimate level of
and expectation strategies investment
Strengths
Vision Link with reform Financing options
Risks agenda
Weakness Criteria for
prioritisation
Unmet
demand/gap
Process of CDP
The City Assessment
Strengths, Weaknesses
Opportunities and Threats
Future Perspective and
Multi – Vision
stakeholder Direction of change and
Consultations expectations
Future Perspective and Vision
Strategies for Development
Options and strategies
Link with reform agenda
Criteria for prioritization
City Investment Plan &
Financial Alternatives
Parameters
• Demography
• Socio cultural
• Economic base
• Financial
• Physical and environment
• Infrastructure
• Institutions
Sectors / Components
• Environmental services
• Social infrastructure
• Urban renewal
• Slum improvement and
housing for EWS
• Transport and roads
Services to the urban poor
• Institutions
• Universalisation of
services especially to the
urban poor
 Key Steps

Reforms for effective implementation of the CDP

All sectors that makes difference to quality of life
 Institutional Framework for the CDP Process

Land Use and Municipal Environment, Social & Heritage,

Infrastructure Institutional Sustainable Livelihoods and Conservation,
Strengthening Development & Local Economic Culture &
Disaster Development Tourism
Development
Mitigation
 SWOT Analysis
Enables a city to:
1.Leverage Strengths & Opportunities
2.Avoid Threats or take actions to minimize them
3.Build on Institutions with the most capacity, leadership &
enthusiasm
4.Identify Opponents: Persuade them or “go around” them
 SWOT: What is it?
• Strengths: What are the Municipality’s strengths in terms of
implementing the Vision?

• Weaknesses: What are the Municipality’s weaknesses in terms

of implementing the Vision?

• Opportunities: What are the main opportunities in the

Municipality’s environment (both external & internal) related
to Vision Achievement?

• Threats: What are the main threats in the Municipality’s

environment (both external & internal) related to Vision
Achievement?
 Rapid Assessment
 Identify Drivers of Change: External & Internal

 Scan City for economic, public health/environment, spatial &

social (including service delivery) dynamics

 Scope in on key issue areas, e.g., leading economic clusters &

geographic zones, sub-standard housing areas, knowledge
complexes

 Benchmark against comparable & aspirational (where you want

to be) cities
SWOT: External & Internal Environments

External Internal
Environment Environment
(factors outside control (factors under control
of municipality) of municipality)

OPPORTUNITIES STRENGTHS

THREATS WEAKNESSES
 How to Develop a “Vision”?

vision for the city that incorporates the

aspirations of all sections of society. step by
step method is suggested below.
 Develop a Vision
vision for the city that incorporates the
aspirations of all sections of society.

Effective Visions:
 Unify & motivate short term action
 Normally should not be changed for 10 years
 Tactics should quickly change & adapt, the Vision stays stable -
like a Lighthouse
 Stress what is unique about the city
 Flow logically from Rapid Assessment, building on comparative
& (increasingly more important) competitive advantage
 Convey the image of the city to the Outside World
think through and answer the following
questions………..

• What would you like the future of the city to be?

• What are the most important attributes of the desired
future (e.g., employment, infrastructure,
• poverty reduction, etc.)?
• What is different about your vision of the future from
what you see today?
• Which are the elements of the SWOT which you think
– Must absolutely be retained
– Must be improved / changed
 Formulating a Vision
• A Vision is a forward-looking ideal of where a community
wants to be. It not only inspires & challenges but is
meaningful enough that all residents can relate to it

• “What does the region have the potential to be”

• It reflects the unique attributes of the urban region:(i)

comparative and competitive advantages, (ii) values &
preferences of its residents, (iii) its relationship to the
global, domestic, and sub-national economies, (iv) its
history, & (v) its physical characteristics
 Include Statements like….
• ………..vibrant, environmentally friendly cultural capital…………..
• ……………(a city that) accommodates the aspirations of generations to come………..
• …..leveraging educational facilities we want our city to be knowledge city…..
• …………….transforming the city into a global tourism destination………….
• ………….centre of cultural heritage…………
• …… thus ensuring all our citizens lead healthy lives, ……
• ……… all poor households in our municipality have adequate and equitable access to basic
services such as water supply, sanitation, roads, and an overall healthy and safe living
environment, …..
• ……….. all youth (men and women) are engaged in gainful employment / self-employment,
……..
• …….. hi-tech industries and other business enterprises consider our municipality as a
favourable destination for their investment, ……’’
 Sample Vision Statement - CDPs prepared in 2005
Vision statement Key words
Ahmedabad City envisioned as “Vibrant, productive, Sustainable and
harmonious, sustainable and environmental friendly, clean and Environment
livable city having a responsive local government offering its Friendly
citizens a good quality of life”.
Source: CDP of Ahmedabad
Ujjain city envisioned making the city a knowledge and pilgrim Knowledge and
centre – maintaining its great religious and cultural image and Pilgrim centre
providing a better and sustainable environment for people from
all walks of life.
Source: CDP of Ujjain

City of Kolkata envisioned to provide sustained and improved Attracting domestic

quality of life through basic urban services in an inclusive and international
manner and create enabling environment for attracting domestic investors
and international investors to live, work & invest in Kolkata
Metropolitan Area.
Source: CDP of Kolkata
 Objectives
•Livable City with High Quality of
Overall improved city services
Life
•Specialised health and medical
240 •Knowledge City
Crores services
•A•Employment
City Free of generation
Congestion, program
Garbage, slums, …
•Congestion free city
•Assured
•GarbageQuality
free cityServices to All
Investment Rs. 8823 Crores

800 100% coverage of services

Crores
•Development of lakes and urban greenery
•School for primary education
•Coverage of 100% road development (flyovers,
bridges)

600 Coverage of 70% of city services

Crores •Integrated road development (junctions and flyovers)
•Clean and green environment (urban forestry/plantation)
•Citizen friendly services (e-governance)
2005 2006 2007

2005 2006 2007 2012

 Development Themes
Development Themes
• Development & Growth Mgmt.
• Water Supply & Sanitation
– Water
– Sewerage
– Storm water
– Solid Waste Traffic and Transportation
– Sanitation  Roads
 Bridges & Flyovers
 Systems Management Utilities
(Parking, ..)
 Urban Transport (BRTS+MRTS!)

 Urban Poor & Housing

 Social Amenities
 Environment
 Urban Finance
 Urban Governance
 SWOT- Task-1

Strengths Weaknesses
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
Threats Opportunities
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
 Compliance to the CDP Ensuring the revised
Ensuring participatory
revision process as per the proposals are in line with
approach in CDP revision
guidelines the Master Plan

Responsible for project

Advising and directing
the Technical Committees
Ensuring that the
prioritization according to
feedback received from
the resource commitment/
the stakeholders’ are
availability and timelines
incorporated
drawn as per the CIP

Approving the CDP prior

Drawing up time frame Issue any other policy
to approval by the
for the Implementation guidance necessary for
Councils and State level
and Revision of CDP preparation of the CDP
authorities
6. TOWARDS AN URBAN
MANIFESTO
Information System Improved Data Improved Service Performance
Improvement Plans Reliability /Performance Levels Improvement Plans

OUTCOMES

Information BASELINE PERFORMANCE Service Level

Gaps INDICATORS Gaps
 People at the Local
Quality of life
Centre Government

Sectoral Enabling
Financing
strategies environment

Sustained and Translating

strategic Vision into
development Outcomes