SWITCHING DC POWER

SUPPLY
ECPE 502 – ECE Elective 2
Electronic Power Supply Designs and Applications
 POWER SUPPLY
• Power supply is a device which converts the output from an ac power
line to a steady dc output or multiple outputs.
• The ac voltage is first rectified to provide a pulsating dc, and then
filtered to produce a smooth voltage. Finally, the voltage is regulated
to produce a constant output level despite variations in the ac line
voltage or circuit loading.
• In general, the regulator stage of a dc power supply consists of a
feedback circuit, a stable reference voltage, and a control circuit to
drive a pass element (a solid-state device such as transistor, MOSFET,
etc.).
POWER SUPPLY
 POWER SUPPLY
• In a transistor regulator, the pass element is a transistor, which can be
operated in its active region or as a switch, to regulate the output
voltage.
• When the transistor operates at any point in its active region, the
regulator is referred to as a linear voltage regulator.
• When the transistor operates only at cutoff and at saturation, the
circuit is referred to as a switching regulator.
 POWER SUPPLY
Linear voltage regulator
• Linear voltage regulators can be further classified
as either series or shunt types.
• In a series regulator, the pass transistor is
connected in series with the load
• In the shunt regulator, the pass transistor is
connected in parallel with the load
 POWER SUPPLY
Switching Regulators
• Switching regulators employ solid-state
devices, which operate as switches: either
completely on or completely off, to perform
power conversion.
• Because the switching devices are not
required to operate in their active regions,
switching regulators enjoy a much lower
power loss than those of linear voltage
regulators.
 ADVANTAGES
AND DISADVANTAGES
• Linear regulators exhibit efficiency of 20–60%, whereas switching
regulators have a much higher efficiency, typically 70–95%.
• Linear regulators can only be used as a step-down regulator, whereas
switching regulators can be used in both step-up and step-down
operations.
• Linear regulators require a mains-frequency transformer for off-the-line
operation. Therefore, they are heavy and bulky. On the other hand,
switching regulators use high-frequency transformers and can
therefore be small in size.
 ADVANTAGES
AND DISADVANTAGES
• Linear regulators generate little or no electrical noise at their outputs,
whereas switching regulators may produce considerable noise if they
are not properly designed.
• Linear regulators are more suitable for applications of less than 20W,
whereas switching regulators are more suitable for large power
applications.
 LINEAR SERIES VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
• The pass transistor is in series with the load.
 LINEAR SHUNT VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
• The pass transistor is connected in parallel
with the load.
 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
REGULATORS
• Linear IC voltage regulators maintain an
output voltage at a constant value despite
variations in load and input voltage.
• In general, linear IC voltage regulators are
three-terminal devices that provide
regulation of a fixed positive voltage, a
fixed negative voltage, or an adjustable
set voltage.
 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
REGULATORS
• Fixed Positive Linear Voltage Regulators
• The 78XX series of regulators provide fixed
regulated voltages from 5 to 24V.
• The last two digits of the IC part number
denote the output voltage of the device.
• The input capacitor C1 acts as a line filter
to prevent unwanted variations in the input
line, and the output capacitor C2 is used
to filter the high-frequency noise that may
appear at the output.
 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
REGULATORS
• Fixed Negative Linear Voltage Regulators
• The 79XX series voltage regulator is
identical to the 78XX series except that it
provides negative regulated voltages
instead of positive ones.
• The regulation of the circuit can be
maintained as long as the output voltage
is at least 2–3V greater than the input
voltage.
 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
REGULATORS
• Adjustable Positive Linear Voltage
Regulators
• The LM317 adjustable positive voltage
regulator is capable of supplying an output
current of more than 1.5A over an output
voltage range of 1.2–37V.
• where Iadj is a constant current into the
adjustment terminal and has a value of
approximately 50 μA for the LM317. Vo can
be adjusted by varying R2.
 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT VOLTAGE
REGULATORS
• Adjustable Negative Linear Voltage
Regulators
• The LM337 adjustable voltage regulator is
similar to the LM317 except that it provides
negative regulated voltages.
• The output voltage can be adjusted from
-1.2 to –37V, depending on the external
resistors R1 and R2.
 ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
Directions: Do some research on the following questions below.
Write your answer on short bond paper. Submission is on the next
meeting.
1. What is a switching power supply or switch-mode power
supply?
2. What are the common types (atleast 3 types) of switching
power supply? Draw an example of each type and explain its
basic operation.

Note: Your output will be graded according to: correctness - 70 points, and
presentation - 30 points.
 SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY
• The switching regulator is different in that the control transistor
operates as a switch, either in cutoff or saturation region.
• Regulation is achieved by adjusting the on-time of the control
transistor. In this mode of operation, the control transistor does not
dissipate as much power as that in the linear types.
• Therefore, switching voltage regulators have a much higher efficiency
and can provide greater load currents at low voltage than linear
regulators.
 TRANSFORMER MODELS
• Transformers have two basic functions: to
provide electrical isolation and to step up or
step down time-varying voltages and
currents.
• The dot convention is used to indicate
relative polarity between the two windings.
• When the voltage at the dotted terminal on
one winding is positive, the voltage at the
dotted terminal on the other winding is also
positive. input-output relationships:
• When current enters the dotted terminal on
one winding, current leaves the dotted
terminal on the other winding.
 TRANSFORMER MODELS
• The ideal model assumes that the series
resistances and inductances are zero
and that the shunt elements are infinite.
• A somewhat better approximation for
power supply applications includes the
magnetizing inductance Lm. The value of
Lm is an important design parameter for
the flyback converter.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

• Assumptions for analysis:

1. The output capacitor is very large,
resulting in a constant output voltage
Vo.
2. The circuit is operating in the steady
state, implying that all voltages and
currents are periodic, beginning and
ending at the same points over one
switching period.
3. The duty ratio of the switch is D, being
closed for time DT and open for (1-D)T.
4. The switch and diode are ideal.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

• The basic operation of the flyback

converter is similar to that of the
buck-boost converter
• Energy is stored in Lm when the
switch is closed and is then
transferred to the load when the
switch is open.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

• When switch is closed

• Diode is off
• The current is increasing linearly in
the magnetizing inductance Lm, and
there is no current in the windings of
the ideal transformer in the model.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

• When switch is open

• The current cannot change
instantaneously in the inductance
Lm, so the conduction path must be
through the primary turns
• The current iLm enters the undotted
terminal of the primary and must exit
the undotted terminal of the
secondary.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

• The net change in inductor current

must be zero over one period for
steady-state operation, thus
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

• The power absorbed by the load • average inductor current

resistor must be the same as that
supplied by the source for the ideal
case

• The average source current Is is

related to the average of the
magnetizing inductance current ILm
by
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

• average inductor current • maximum value of inductor current

• Minimum value of inductor current

 FLYBACK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

• Continuous-current operation • output ripple voltages

requires that ILm,min > 0, thus

• minimum value of Lm that will allow • voltage ripple due to the equivalent
continuous current series resistance (ESR)

• In a flyback converter design, Lm is

selected to be larger than Lm,min to
ensure continuous current operation.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A flyback converter has the following
parameters indicated below.
Determine the following:
a) the required duty ratio D
b) the average, maximum, and
minimum values for the current in
Lm
c) the output voltage ripple. Assume
that all components are ideal.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

SAMPLE PROBLEM
The flyback converter has parameters
Vs=36 V, D=0.4, N1/N2= 2, R=20Ω,
Lm=100µH, and C=50µF, and the switching
frequency is100 kHz.
Determine the following:
a) the required duty ratio D
b) the average, maximum, and minimum
values for the current in Lm
c) the output voltage ripple. Assume that
all components are ideal.
d) The minimum magnetizing inductance
to ensure that the converter is in
continuous-current mode
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
DISCONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

• The current in the transformer

increases linearly when the switch is
closed, as it did for the continuous-
current mode.
• When the switch is open, the current
in the transformer magnetizing
inductance decreases to zero
before the start of the next switching
cycle.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
DISCONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

• The output voltage for

discontinuous-current operation can
be determined by analyzing the
power relationships in the circuit.
• If the components are ideal, the
power supplied by the dc source is
the same as the power absorbed by
the load resistor.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
DISCONTINUOUS-CURRENT MODE

SAMPLE PROBLEM
For the given flyback converter in
previous problem, the load resistance
is increased from 5 Ω to 20Ω with all
other parameters remaining
unchanged.
Show that the magnetizing
inductance current is discontinuous,
and determine the output voltage.
 FLYBACK CONVERTER
• When the switch is closed, the source voltage is across the transformer
magnetizing inductance Lm and causes iLm to increase linearly. The
diode on the output is reverse-biased, and load current is supplied by
the output capacitor.
• When the switch is open, energy stored in the magnetizing
inductance is transferred through the transformer to the output,
forward-biasing the diode and supplying current to the load and to
the output capacitor.
• The input-output voltage relationship in the continuous-current mode
of operation is like that of the buck-boost dc-dc converter but
includes a factor for the turns ratio.
 FORWARD CONVERTER
Assumptions for analysis:
• The switching period is T, the
switch is closed for time DT and
open for (1-D)T.
• Steady-state operation is
assumed for the analysis of the
circuit and
• The current in inductance Lx is
assumed to be continuous.
 FORWARD CONVERTER
• The transformer has three
windings:
windings 1 and 2 transfer
energy from the source to the
load when the switch is closed;
winding 3 is used to
provide a path for the
magnetizing current when the
switch is open and to reduce the
magnetizing current to zero
before the start of each switching
period.
 FORWARD CONVERTER
When switch is closed
• D3 is off
• A positive v2 forward-biases D1
and reverse-biases D2.
 FORWARD CONVERTER
When switch is open
• D3 is on
• With D1 off and positive current
in Lx, D2 must be on.
• The inductor current decreases
linearly
 FORWARD CONVERTER
For steady-state operation
• The net change in inductor current
over one period must be zero.

• The relationship between input

and output voltage is similar to that
for the buck dc-dc converter
except for the added term for the
turns ratio.
 FORWARD CONVERTER
• The current in Lm should return to
zero before the start of the next
period to reset the transformer core
(return the magnetic flux to zero).
• For iLm to return to zero after the
switch is opened,

• the time for iLm to decrease from • The time at which the current iLm
the peak back to zero, reaches zero t0,
 FORWARD CONVERTER
• The voltage across the open switch

• Output ripple voltage

• peak-to-peak voltage variation due

to the ESR
 FORWARD CONVERTER
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
(a) Determine the output
voltage, the maximum and
minimum currents in Lx, and the
output voltage ripple.
(b) Determine the peak current in
the transformer primary winding.
Verify that the magnetizing
current is reset to zero during
each switching period. Assume
all components are ideal.
 FORWARD CONVERTER
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
The forward converter of Fig. 7-5a has
parameters Vs=100 V, N1/N2= N1/N3=1,
Lm=1 mH, Lx=70 H, R=20 Ω, C=33 F, and
D=0.35, and the switching frequency is 150
kHz.
Determine
• (a) the output voltage and output
voltage ripple
• (b) the average, maximum, and
minimum values of the current in Lx;
• (c) the peak current in Lm in the
transformer model; and
• (d) the peak current in the switch and
the physical transformer primary.
 FORWARD CONVERTER
• When the switch is closed, energy is transferred from the source to the load
through the transformer. The voltage on the transformer secondary is a
pulsed waveform, and the output is analyzed like that of the buck dc-dc
converter.
• Energy stored in the magnetizing inductance while the switch is closed can
be returned to the input source via a third transformer winding while the
switch is open.
 DOUBLE-ENDED (TWO-SWITCH)
FORWARD CONVERTER
• It is a variation of the forward
converter
• The output voltage is the
same as for the single-ended
forward converter
 DOUBLE-ENDED (TWO-SWITCH)
FORWARD CONVERTER
• When the switches are on, the
voltage across the primary
transformer winding is Vs. The
voltage across the secondary
winding is positive, and energy
is transferred to the load. The
current in the magnetizing
inductance is increasing.
 DOUBLE-ENDED (TWO-SWITCH)
FORWARD CONVERTER
• When the switches turn off,
diode D1 prevents iLm from
flowing in the secondary (and
hence primary) winding of the
transformer and forces the
magnetizing current to flow in
diodes D3 and D4 and back
to the source.
 PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
• Switches Sw1 and Sw2 turn on
and off with the switching
sequence
 PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Switch Sw1 Closed
• Diode D1 is forward-biased, D2 is
reverse-biased
 PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Switch Sw2 Closed
• Diode D2 is forward-biased, D1 is
reverse-biased
 PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
Switch Sw1 and Sw1 Open
• The current in each of the
primary windings is zero.
• The current in Lx must maintain
continuity, D1 and D2 are
forward-biased.
• Inductor current divides evenly
between the transformer
secondary windings. The voltage
across each secondary winding
is zero
 PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
The net change in inductor current
over one period must be zero for
steady-state operation,

where D is the
duty ratio of each
switch pair.

output ripple
 PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A push-pull converter has the
following parameters:
Determine Vo, the maximum and
minimum values of iLx, and the
output ripple voltage.
Assume all components are ideal.
 PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The push-pull converter has the
following parameters:
Vs=50 V, Np/Ns=2, Lx=60µH, C=39
µF, R=8 Ω, f=150 kHz, and D=0.35.
Determine (a) the output voltage,
(b) the maximum and minimun
inductor currents, and (c) the
output voltage ripple.
 PUSH-PULL CONVERTER
• Pulses of opposite polarity are produced on the primary and secondary
windings of the transformer by switching Sw1 and Sw2.
• The diodes on the secondary rectify the pulse waveform and produce a
waveform vx at the input of the low-pass filter.
 FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER
• When Sw1 and Sw2 are closed, the
voltage across the transformer
primary is Vs.
• When Sw3 and Sw4 are closed, the
transformer primary voltage is Vs.
• For an ideal transformer, having all
switches open will make vp=0.
• With a proper switching sequence,
the voltage vp across the
transformer primary is the alternating
pulse waveform. D1 and D2 on the
transformer secondary rectify this
waveform to produce the voltage where D is the
vx duty ratio of each
switch pair.
FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER

where D is the
duty ratio of each
switch pair.
 HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER
• Switches Sw1 and Sw2 close with
the sequence shown, producing
an alternating voltage pulse vP
on the transformer primary.

where D is the
duty ratio of each
switch pair.
HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER

where D is the
duty ratio of each
switch pair.
 CURRENT-FED CONVERTERS
• A circuit that operates by switching
current rather than voltage is called
a current-fed converter.
• A large inductor in this position
establishes a nearly constant source
current.
• Switch Sw1 directs the current
through winding P1, and switch Sw2
directs the current through winding
P2.
• With both switches closed, the
current divides evenly between the
windings. At least one switch must
be closed to provide a current path.
 CURRENT-FED CONVERTERS
Sw1 Closed and Sw2 Open
• ILx flows through primary winding
P1 and through D1 on the
secondary
• D1 is on
• D2 is off
 CURRENT-FED CONVERTERS
Sw1 Open and Sw2 Closed
• iLx flows through primary winding
P2 and through D2 on the
secondary
• D1 is off
• D2 is on
 CURRENT-FED CONVERTERS
Sw1 and Sw2 Closed
• ILx divides evenly between the
two primary windings, and both
D1 and D2 are off.
 CURRENT-FED CONVERTERS
• The average voltage across Lx
must be zero for steady-state
operation
 CURRENT-FED CONVERTERS
SAMPLE PROBLEM
The current-fed converter has an
input inductor Lx that is large
enough to assume that the source
current is essentially constant. The
source voltage is 30 V, and the
load resistor is 6Ω . The duty ratio of
each switch is 0.7, and the
transformer has a turns ratio of
NP/NS=2.
Determine (a) the output voltage,
(b) the current in Lx, and (c) the
maximum voltage across each
switch.