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TECHNOLOGY
WIND: DEFINITION
a natural movement of air of any velocity
the perceptible natural movement of the air,
especially in the form of a current of air blowing
from a particular direction.
WHAT CAUSES WIND?
Unbalance radiation insolence
Earth’s rotation
WHAT CAUSES WIND?
UNBALANCE RADIATION INSOLENCE
Mean Wind Speed at 100 m above ground (19792010)
Source: http://globalwindatlas.com/datasets.html
WIND ROSE
A wind rose diagram is a tool which graphically
displays wind speed and wind direction at a
particular location over a period of time.
WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Windmills
Converts kinetic energy of air
into mechanical energy
Wind Turbines
Converts kinetic energy of air
into electricity
TYPES OF WIND TURBINES
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
(HAWT) (VAWT)
COMPARISON BETWEEN HAWT AND
VAWT
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Advantages
• Generator can be placed on • Higher power generation
the ground (easy to (captures higher wind speed)
maintain)
• Yaw mechanism is not • Greater efficiency
needed for wind angle
• Easier to design (no cyclic
load on the blades)
Disadvantages
• Lower wind speeds at ground • More complicated blade
level design
• Less efficiency • Turbine’s axis must always be
aligned with wind direction
• Requires an initial force during • Difficult access to generator’s
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF WIND
TURBINE
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF WIND
TURBINE
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF WIND
TURBINE
TYPICAL INSTALLATION OF WIND
TURBINES
TYPICAL INSTALLATION OF WIND
TURBINES
TYPICAL INSTALLATION OF WIND
TURBINES
PARTS OF A WIND TURBINE (HAWT)
MAIN PARTS OF A WIND TURBINE (HAWT)
1. Rotor
• The portion of the wind turbine that collects energy from the wind
• consists of the hub, three blades and a pitch regulation system
• The blades are airfoils, which depend on aerodynamic lift to move the blades
and cause rotation.
Rotor
MAIN PARTS OF A WIND TURBINE (HAWT)
2. Transmission System
• Transmit mechanical power generated by the rotor blades to the generator
• Increase and regulates the rotation of the shaft
• Consists of a gearbox and a braking system plus the auxiliary lubricating and
cooling systems
Transmission System
MAIN PARTS OF A WIND TURBINE (HAWT)
3. Generator
The generator converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy in an
asynchronous (induction) generator.
Generator
MAIN PARTS OF A WIND TURBINE (HAWT)
4. Yaw and control systems:
• A fully automatic microprocessor-based control and monitoring system
• The yaw system turns the nacelle into the actual wind direction using a
rotary actuator and a gear mechanism at the top of the tower.
Wind
DESIGN CRITERIA: TYPE OF BLADE
Lift Blade Design
• The blade is essentially an airfoil, or
wing
• When air flows past the blade, a wind
speed and pressure differential is
created between the upper and lower
blade surfaces.
• The pressure at the lower surface is
greater and thus acts to "lift" the
blade.
• Liftpowered wind turbines have
much higher rotational speeds than
drag types and therefore are well
suited for electricity generation.
DESIGN CRITERIA: BLADE DESIGN
Angle of Attack (Blade Angle)
angle between the chord line of the airfoil and the flight
direction
Angle of attack has a large effect on the lift generated by an
airfoil
Typical values range from 1.0 to 15.0 degrees.
DESIGN CRITERIA: BLADE DESIGN
Angle of Attack (Blade Angle)
DESIGN CRITERIA: NUMBER OF
BLADES
The determination of the number of blades involves design
considerations of aerodynamic efficiency, component costs, system
reliability, and aesthetics.
Betz Limit
Maximum theoretical efficiency of a wind turbine, 59.3%
Under Betz Law an ideal wind turbine would slow down the
wind by 2/3 of its original speed.
Typical efficiency is 35% to 45%
DESIGN CRITERIA: TIP SPEED
RATIO,
Tip speed ratio is the ratio of the rotational speed of
the blade to the wind speed
The larger this ratio, the faster the rotation of the
wind turbine rotor at a given wind speed
For electricity generation,
Lifttype wind turbines: max = 10
Dragtype wind turbines: max = 1
SEATWORK
Give five advantages of wind energy technology.
Discuss three environmental impacts of Wind
energy technology.
QUIZ
Develop a mathematical model relating available
turbine power with measurable quantities.
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