BENHA HIGH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL 4TH YEAR

UNDER SUPERVISION
DR/SAMEH NADA
ENG/AMR SHAFIK

PREPERED BY :

1- AKRAM HABIB
2- ROMANY ADEL
3- RIZIEQ SAAD
4- GEORGE AZIZ
5- DALIA IBRAHIM
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 HEAT TRANSFER
1.2 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.5 APPLICATIONS
1.6 PARAMETERS UNDER STUDY

2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE

2.1 EXPLAINING THE EXPERIMENTAL SET

2.2 THE COMPONENT OF THE PROJECT
2.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

3 MODELING AND RESPONSE

3.1 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE

PHYSICAL SYSTEM
3.2 SYSTEM THEORETICAL RESPONSE.
3.3 SYSTEM PRACTICAL RESPONSE,
Preface
This project is designed to be the core graduate course in heat and
mass transfer. Concepts including conservation laws, conduction,
laminar and turbulent convection, phase change and radiation will be
developed and applied. The project is open to students from all areas of
engineering although an undergraduate background in heat transfer will
be assumed.
1.1 Heat Transfer
The flow of heat is all-pervasive. It is active some degree or another in
everything. Heat Flows constantly form our bloodstream to the air
around ourselves. The warmed air buoys off your body to warm the
room you are in. If you leave the room, some small buoyancy-driven (or
convective) motion of the air will continue because the walls can never
be perfectly isothermal. Such processes go on in all the plant and
animal life and in the air around. They occur throughout the earth, which
is hot at its core and cooled around its surface. The only conceivable
domain free from heat flow would have to be the isothermal and totally
isolated from any other region. It would be "dead" in the fullest sense of
the word – devoid of any process of any kind.

1.2 Modes of heat transfer

1.2.1 Heat Conduction

Thermal conductivity is the quantity of heat transmitted through a unit

thickness in a direction normal to a surface of unit area, due to a unit
temperature gradient under steady state conditions.
It is transferred by conditions in solids and fluid at rest. If we have a
slab of thickness L and cross section area A and the temperature
differences between the two surface of the slab is
is (T1 – T2), the thermal resistance of heat transfer and the
heat dissipater are defined as

q=KA∆T/L
K:Thermal conductivty
L : width
∆T: different temperature
A : area of the wall
q=∆T/R=∆T/L/KA Hint : L/KA = R

R :Thrmal
Resistance

1.2.2 Heat Convection

Convection is the movement of molecules within fluids (liquid,
gases).The heat transfer by convection occurs when a fluid
moving on a surface at different temperature. It cannot take
place in solids, since neither bulk current flows nor significant
diffusion can take place in solids.
If T is the temperature of the fluid and Ts is the temperature of the
surface resistance is defined by
q=hA∆T
h : Condective heat trasfer coefficent
R =1/ hA
R : Thrmal Convection Resistance

1.2.3 Heat Radiation

Any surface at high temperature Ts emit radiated heat in the form of
electromagnetic waves to the surrounding which is at temperature Tsur.

1.3 Objectives :
1- By the project, we can study the heat transfer.
2 – Study the variation of temperature at different time
At any fluid and any metal
3 – Many conditions can be studied by different modes of
transfer such as convection.
4- To identify applications in which heat transfer is controlled
5- To interpret the effect of clothing materials and design on the
transfer of heat.
6- To describe and demonstrate a technique for comparing the
effectiveness of different kinds of insulating materials .
1.4 Problem statement
1- The thermo couple no read less than 50 ° c

Solution : we used thermometer

2- When we taken my reading We
found heat transfer between the system and the
surrounding

Solution : We used thermal insulator because no heat

transfer out
3- When we reading find any place in the water has different
temperature

Solution : we fixed only one place to measure

4- How fixad a sample when it is hot
Solution : Been working arm was weled whith a sample
5- How to fixed the sensor in the sample
Solution : Was making a hole to fixed the sensor
1.6 Parameters under study
K : Thermal conductivity coefficient

•Thermal conductivity of some common materials and products

are indicated in the table below.
1 W/ (mK) = 1 W/(moC) = 0.85984 kcal/(hr moC) = 0.5779
Btu/(ft hr oF)

Thermal Conductivity -K- (W/mk)

Material/Substance Temperature (25oC)

Glass 1.05

Glass, wool Insulation 0.04

Wood, oak 0.17

Carbon 1.7

Aluminum 250

Air (gas) 0.024

Stainless Steel 16
C: Heat capacitance
C = cm c: Specific Heat Capacities
m = ρv ρ: Density for air = 1.205(kg/m3)
v: The volume of air in any room
The specific heat capacity of common metals is indicated in
the table below:

Metal Specific Heat Capacity

- cp (kJ/kg K)

Air 1.005 at 40 oC
1.013 at 120 oC
Carbon Steel 0.49
Iron 0.46
Copper 0.39
Silicon 0.71
Aluminum 0.91
Condective heat trasfer coefficent :

Heat
Medium Transfer Coefficien
t h (W/m2.K)
Air
5-25
(natural convection)
Air/superheated
steam 20-300
(forcedconvection)
Oil
60-1800
(forced convection)
Water
300-6000
(forced convection)
Water (boiling) 3000-60,000
Steam
6000-120,000
(condensing)
Glass wool
Is a thermally insulating material made of fiber glass sintered on the
face similar to the wool fibers. Produces glass wool in plates or strips
wrapped with thermal insulation properties and Mikianikih different.

1- configuration and the overall shape

2 -Thermal and mechanical properties
3 - Health and safety
4 - Uses in construction

Configuration and the overall shape

Glass wool is a material obtained through the melting glass, and then
convert to fiber does not exceed a diameter of 10 microns in a
centrifuge and is formed panels, semi-rigid by the addition of a link to
fiber glass wool may contain the panels on the covers of protection
(of aluminum foil reflective or foil polyethylene or cardboard for
ignition-resistant) glass wool and available in several images used
for thermal insulation such as fiber bulk, mats stitched, felt, rigid
panels.
seitreporp lacinahcem dna lamrehT ]tidE[

* Thermal conductivity: range between ).0043 and 0.078 W / m .

K (at temperatures from 50 to 200 c .
* Density: the semi-rigid sheets of not less than 72( kg / m^ 3 .)Felt
less than 32(kg / m^3.
Health and safety

Glass wool non-combustible and does not result in

harmful gases, but fiber glass wool, which are usually
in the form of fine needles very harmful Balhald when
circulation and may cause irritation severe skin and in
the case of inhalation of fibers when breathing caused
disease, bronchitis, especially for people smoking,
therefore, need to follow the following instructions:

1- Cover wear face masks and eye and nose.

2 - Wear gloves and protective clothing to the skin.
3 - Wear gloves and protective clothing to the skin.
4 - Take care not to loose blown fiber when used by
the wind or air machines used Active.

Glass wool
2- Experimental setup and procedure
2.1 Explaining the experimental set
First stage (using water for cooling) :-

Is heated a piece of carbon steel in the oven heat to 300 ° is then

taken out and placed in cold water is then measured the change in
temperature of the metal and water at the same time

1- thermo couple :To measure the temperature of carbon steel

2-Thermometer : to measure the temperature of the water
And then taken reading every 10 sec

Second stage (using oil for cooling) :-

Is heated a piece of carbon steel in the oven heat to 300 ° is
then taken out and placed in cold oil is then measured the change
in
temperature of the metal and oil at the same time

1- thermo couple :To measure the temperature of carbon steel

2-Thermometer : to measure the temperature of the oil
And then taken reading every 10 sec

Third stage (using Aluminum and the Fluid water) :-

Is heated a piece of Aluminum in the oven heat to 200 is then
taken out and placed in cold water is then measured the change
in
temperature of the metal and water at the same time.

1- thermo couple :To measure the temperature of Aluminum

2-Thermometer : to measure the temperature of the water.
And then taken reading every 10 sec
Fourth stage (using cold carbon steel and hot water) :-

The water is heated to 90 ° and quenching it a piece from

carbon steel (hint the carbon steel is cold )
And we taken reading temperature of the metal and water
at the same time.

1-Thermometer:To measure the temperature of Aluminum

2-Thrmo couple : to measure the temperature of the water
2.2 The component of the project

Container

Fig .1

Thermo couple

Fig .2
 piece of
carbon
steel

Fig .3

Catch arm

Fig .4
 Fig .5
Heat oven
5-

Thermometer

Fig .6
 Mathematical modeling of the
physical system : -

For the shaft :-

QIN= QOUT+QS
QIN=0
=HA(TS-TW)+MSCST˙S
→1) MSCST˙S +HATS – HATW = 0
Laplace Transformation :-

MsCs( STs(s) – Ts(0) ) + HA((Ts(s) –Tw(s))

MsCs STs(s) – MsCs Ts(0) + HA Ts(s) –HATw(s) = 0

Ts(s) (MsCsS +HA) – HA(Tw(s) = MsCs Ts(0)

MsCsTs(0) + HATw(s)
Ts(s) =
(Ms Cs S + HA)

1
 For the water :-

QIN= QOUT+QS
QOUT=0
HA(TS-TW)=MWCWT˙W
→2) MWCWT˙W +HATW – HATS = 0
Laplace Transformation :-

MwCw( STw(s) – Tw(0) ) + HATw(s) –HATs(s) = 0

MwCw STw(s) – MwCw Tw(0) + HA Tw(s) –HATs(s)

=0
Tw(s) (MwCwS +HA) – HATs(s) = MwCw Tw(0)

MwCwTw(0) + HATs(s)
Tw (s) =
(Mw Cw S + HA)

2
From Eq1 into Eq 2 :-

MwCwTw(0) + HATs(s)
Tw (s) =
(Mw Cw S + HA)

MsCsTs(0) + HATw(s)
Ts(s) =
(Ms Cs S + HA)

In 2

MsCsTs(0)+ HATw(s)
Tw (s) = MwCwTw(0) + HA (Ms Cs S + HA)
(Mw Cw S + HA)
 M
V= Mw mass of the water
Mw = 1 kg
Denisty of the water = 1000
kg/m^3
V Volume of the water

A Area of the shaft

Condective heat trasfer coefficent

H From the table Selection
H =500 (W/m2.K)
Cw 4.19

Ts temperature of the shaft

Ts = 300 ° c

Ms mass of the shaft

Ms= 0.3 kg

Cs Specific Heat Capacity

For the carbon steel = 0.49 (kJ/kg K)
Tw temperature of the water
Tw = 25 ° c
Mw mass of the water
Mw= 1 kg
Cw Specific Heat Capacity
from the table
For the water = 4.19 (kJ/kg K)
 Specific Heat - cp
Product
(kJ/kg.K) (Btu/lb.oF)

Acetic acid 2.043 0.49

Acetone 2.15 0.51

Alcohol, ethyl 32oF

2.3 0.548
(ethanol)

Alcohol, ethyl 104oF

2.72 0.65
(ethanol)

Alcohol, methyl. 40 - 50oF 2.47 0.59

Alcohol, methyl. 60 - 70oF 2.51 0.6

Alcohol, propyl 2.37 0.57

Ammonia, 32oF 4.6 1.1

Ammonia, 104oF 4.86 1.16

Ammonia, 176oF 5.4 1.29

Ammonia, 212oF 6.2 1.48

Ammonia, 238oF 6.74 1.61

Aniline 2.18 0.514

 Benzene, 60oF 1.8 0.43
Benzene, 150oF 1.92 0.46
Benzine 2.1
Benzol 1.8 0.43
Bismuth, 800oF 0.15 0.0345

Bismuth, 1000oF 0.155 0.0369

Bismuth, 1400oF 0.165 0.0393

Bromine 0.47 0.11

n-Butane, 32oF 2.3 0.55

Calcium Chloride 3.06 0.73

Carbon Disulfide 0.992 0.237

Carbon Tetrachloride 0.866 0.207

Castor Oil 1.8 0.43

Chloroform 1.05 0.251
Citron Oil 1.84 0.44
Decane 2.21 0.528
Diphenylamine 1.93 0.46
Dodecane 2.21 0.528
Dowtherm 1.55 0.37
Ether 2.21 0.528
Ethyl ether 2.22 0.529
Ethylene glycol 2.36 0.56
Freon R-12 saturated -
0.88 0.211
40oF
 Freon R-12 saturated 0oF 0.91 0.217
Freon R-12 saturated 120oF 1.02 0.244
Fuel Oil min. 1.67 0.4
Fuel Oil max. 2.09 0.5
Gasoline 2.22 0.53
Glycerine 2.43 0.576
Heptane 2.24 0.535
Hexane 2.26 0.54
Hydrochlor acid 3.14
Iodine 2.15 0.51
Kerosene 2.01 0.48
Linseed Oil 1.84 0.44
Light Oil, 60oF 1.8 0.43
Light Oil, 300oF 2.3 0.54
Mercury 0.14 0.03
Methyl alcohol 2.51
Milk 3.93 0.94
Naphthalene 1.72 0.41
Nitric acid 1.72
Nitro benzole 1.52 0.362
Octane 2.15 0.51
Oil, Castor 1.97 0.47
Oil, Olive 1.97 0.47
Oil, mineral 1.67 0.4
Oil, turpentine 1.8
Oil, vegetable 1.67 0.4
Olive oil 1.97 0.47
Paraffin 2.13 0.51
Perchlor ethylene 0.905
Petroleum 2.13 0.51
Petroleum ether 1.76
Phenol 1.43 0.34
Potassium hydrate 3.68 0.88
Propane, 32oF 2.4 0.576
Propylene 2.85 0.68
Propylene Glycol 2.5 0.60
Sesame oil 1.63 0.39
Sodium, 200oF 1.38 0.33
Sodium, 1000oF 1.26 0.3
Sodium chloride 3.31 0.79
Sodium hydrate 3.93 0.94
Soya bean oil 1.97 0.47
Sulfuric acid concentrated 1.38
Sulfuric acid 1.34
Toluene 1.72 0.41
Trichlor ethylene 1.30
Tuluol 1.51 0.36
Turpentine 1.72 0.411
Water, fresh 4.19 1
Container
Catch arm
Container
 For the shaft :

QIN= QOUT+QS
QIN=0
=HA(TS-TW)+MSCST˙S
→1) MSCST˙S +HATS – HATW = 0
MsCsT˙s +hATs HATw
MsCs MsCs = MsCs

T˙s + 1/ X˙ + 1/ X = F

1/ = HA/Ms Cs = MsCs/HA

T˙s + 1/ Ts = 1/ Tw

FOR STEP INPUT :

S Ts(s) – Ts (0) + 1/ Ts(s) = (1/ ) Tw

S

Ts(s) (S + 1/ ) = Tw +Ts (0)

S
 / Ts (0)
Ts (s) =( Tw/ ) +
S(S+ 1/ ) S + 1/

L ^-1 Inverse laplace : -

Ts (t) = Tw (1- e^- t / ) + Ts (0) e^-t/

 For the water :
QIN= QOUT+QS
QOUT=0
HA(TS-TW)=MWCWT˙W
→2) MWCWT˙W =HATS – HATW

MwCwT˙w + HATs = HATw

MwCw MwCw MwCw

T˙w + 1/ Tw = 1/ Ts
= MwCw/HA

S Tw(s) – Tw (0) + 1/ Tw(s) = (1/ ) Ts/S

Tw(s) (S + 1/ ) = 1/ ( Ts/S) +Tw (0)

 / Tw (0)
Tw (s) =( Ts/ ) +
S(S+ 1/ ) S + 1/

L ^-1 Inverse laplace : -

Tw (t) = Ts (1- e^- t / ) + Tw (0) e^-t/