Some Useful Services of

Internet
• FTP-: File transferring can be done using internet
between sender and receiver using FTP (File
Transfer Protocol) as download & upload of data.
• E-Mail-: Electronics Mail is one of the most popular
service of internet by which, messaging along with
file attaching can be done.
• Video Conferencing-: It is another useful service of
internet that facilitates audio/video communication
between two person or more person.
• Telnet-: Remote Desktop Login is another service of
internet using which one can access someone
computer’s desktop. This type service can also be
possible through ‘Telnet’ which is a remote login
program. ‘Telnet’ stands for ‘Tele Communication
Network’.
• Online Chatting-: It can be done using internet by
using different types of applications like messenger,
whatsapp, facebook etc.
• Using News group we can post, share news online.
 Types of Internet
• Internet-: Internet is a globalize network provide
services world wide. Ex-: www
• Intranet-: Intranet is a private networking system
that made between similar branches of private
companies which is not allowed to access for public
purpose. Thus, intranet is a internetworking system
between different sub branches of a single company.
• Extranet-: Extranet is also a private networking
system but it is made between only the authorized
outsiders, which is also not allowed to access for
public purpose. Ex- In Banking Sector.
 What is Data?

• As we know data are raw facts and figures that may

be the name or address of a person, location, rollno
of a student etc. which is converted into
information when it express in meaningful way.
• Finally these related information are collected
through special file called database that either
stored in local server or web server.
• Thus acommunicationgetestablishedbetween data.
 What is Communication?
• Generally Communication means to convey a
message, an idea, data by receiving from a sender
and providing to a receiver.
• Communication may be close by or far away.
• Different types of communication can be done
depending upon situation, it may be face to face,
telephonic, e-mailing, postal, hand to hand etc.
• Communication can be done with or without the
presence of the person at the current time.
 What is Data Communication?
• It is the way exchange of information from device to
device that may be between computers, mobile
phones or other devices.
• When data are send as information from a sender
to receiver then a communication made between
the computer of that sender & receiver that type
communication is called data communication.
• The data communication requires some tools or
items in order to communicate like data, sender,
receiver, signal, network, media, protocol etc. for
successful communication.
What is Communication Channel?
• A communication channel provides the medium to
move electromagnetic energy from a source to one
or more destination points.
• It is a pathway over which data are transferred
between remote devices.
• When a message is sent from source to destination,
first that data convert into electromagnetic energy
using some conversion mechanism, then that is
passed through a communication channel either
wirelessly or wired base. Finally it reached to its
destination.
 What is Baud Rate & Bit rate?
• Baud is the number of signal changes per second. Baud
rate is a measurement of the digital signal rate in a
communication channel. Baud rate is the rate at which
information is transferred in a communication channel.
• Bit rate is the no of pulses also called flip flop sent in 1
second. It is a measurement of the digital bit values which
the communication channel conveys with each baud.
• In digital data transmission, Baud rate & Bit rate are
almost equal, but technically baud rate is always smaller
than the bit rate.
 What is Bandwidth, Broadband &
Baseband?
• Bandwidth is the range of frequencies with in a band i.e
how much information can be carried in a given time
period (usually a second) over a specific wired or wireless
communications link. Higher bandwidth communication
channels support higher data rates. It is expressed in bps.
• Broadband is a wide bandwidth data transmission system
in which several analog signals share the same physical
network channel. It has the fastest signal carrying capacity.
• Baseband is a signal that has a very low frequency range
where the entire bandwidth of the cable is utilized for a
single channel. Baseband is commonly used for LAN.
 What is Computer Network?
• A Network is a group of computers connected
together along with other computing devices
attached with them.
• A network may be serve as a server computer into
which other computers and computing devices get
connected as clients.
• The main benefit of a computer network is that it
can be share with others for data, printer etc.
 What is Networking?
• An arrangement of two or more computers
interconnected together as a network for sharing
information among each other is called as
networking.
• In networking the connecting media can be a wire,
cable, radio wave, fiber optic etc. depending upon
the architecture of the network.
 Some Useful Services Through
a Computer Network
• File sharing can be possible through a network with
or without internet.
• Device sharing can be possible by setting under a
network like a printer.
• Messages can be sent or share.
• It can be wired or wireless.
• Internet can be shared.
• Other important application, antivirus can also be
shared.
 Software Tools Needed For
Computer Network
• Networking/Non Networking OS
• Networking Application Program
• LAN/Ethernet Driver
• LAN Configuration
• Modem Driver (If Applicable)
• WIFI/WLAN Driver(Auto)
• Authentication Connectivity using ID & Password.
 Hardware Needed For Computer
Network/Networking Components
• LAN Card & LAN cable
• Modem (If Applicable)
• Telephone Line
• Server PC
• Client PC
• Router
• Switch
• Hub
• Repeater
• Bridge
• Gateway
 Networking Components

(Modem)

(LAN Cable)

(LAN Card)
 Some More Networking Components
• Switch
• Hub
• Router
• Repeater
• Bridge
• Gateway
 Hub
• It is a device where data arrives from one or
more nodes and forwarded to one or more other
nodes
• It has 4,12 RJ-45 ports.
• It also has light indicators.
• It is other wise known as multi port repeater.
 Switch
• It is a Network device that select a path or circuit
for sending a data unit to its next destination.
• It required in large internet works.
• It consists of various LAN Ports for connecting
LAN cables from different client Pcs.
• It has light indicators against each LAN port.
• It comes as 6,8,12,24,32 based RJ-45 ports.
Difference between a Hub & a Switch
• The main difference between a hub & a switch is that in a
hub anything that comes in one port is inform & sent out
to all other ports in that network. Means if a message
comes for computer ‘A’ then that message is also informed
& sent to all other ports in that network. When computer
‘A’ responds, its response also goes out to each port on the
hub. That means every computer connected to the hub
sees everything that every other computer on the hub
sees. But in case of a switch it can able to send link
simultaneously and need not to do that a hub does.
 Router
• It is a Device containing software that helps in determining the
bestpathoutof theavailablepathsforaparticulartransmission.
• It contains both hardware & software. The hardware itself is
a device and the software is its operating system to route
network traffic and the routing protocol (RIP, Routing
Information Protocol) used for it.
• A router between two LANs receives messages from both
network, checks their destination and transmit the message
to the required LAN since messages are stored in the routers
before re-transmission, thus routers are said as the store-
and-forward technique.
• A router operates exactly as a switch, a router used for WAN
for greater networking range and switch used for LAN.
 Repeater
• A repeater is a networking component that
extends a network by boosting the signal where it
amplify and regenerate signal for long distance
cable runs.
• Using repeater the signal is received on one side of
the repeater, can be duplicated boosted and
regenerated to its original strength and then
passed to the next section of cable.
 Bridge
• Bridges are the devices used to transmit data
between two separate LANs.
• It divides a large network into smaller segments.
• It also filter the data and keep the traffic separate
for each segments.
 Gateway
• A gateway is a network point that regard as both
software and hardware that acts as an entrance
between either two similar network or two
dissimilar network so that data can be transferred
between a number of computers.
• For example, when you send an e-mail or log in to
a website, there the gateway allows the
connectivity between that two network.
• It handle messages, addresses and protocol
conversions.
• It can receives messages in one format and convert
them in another format.
 Types of Networking
• Peer to Peer
• Client/Server
• LAN (Local Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• PAN (Personal Area Network)
• VAN (Value Area Network)
• CAN (Campus Area Network)
• SAN (Storage Area network)
• WLAN & WWAN (Wireless LAN & Wireless WAN)
• VLAN (Virtual LAN)
 PEER TO PEER NETWORK
• A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is a
type of decentralized and
distributed network architecture
in which individual nodes called
peers share resources among
each other without the use of
centralized administrative system.
• This network act as both suppliers
and consumers of resources i.e act
as both server and client
computers.
 CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
• In client server network,
client nodes request servers
to access resources.
• Clients and servers exchange
messages in a request
response messaging pattern.
• The client sends a request,
and the server returns a
response.
 LAN NETWORK
• LAN stands for Local Area Network.
• It is a group of computers that are interconnected
with each other in a limited geographical area
usually 5-6 kms like in a home, school, computer
laboratory, or in an office building etc either wired
base or wirelessly .
• It has high speed data transfer rate like 100 mbps.
• It needs low cost implementation.
• It provides full time connectivity to local computers.
• LAN allows users to share various things like printers,
scanners, storage applications, data etc.
LAN NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

LAN Type-1 LAN Type-2 LAN Type-3

 WAN NETWORK
• WAN stands for Wide Area Network.
• It is a network that covers a broad area that links across
metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries.
• The Internet can be considered as a WAN that is used for
businesses, government works for different purposes
like to share data among employees, clients, buyers &
suppliers from various geographical locations.
• A collection of multiple LANs can also be called as a
WAN.
WAN NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
 MAN NETWORK
• MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network.
• It is used in metropolitan area i.e in metro cities.
• It covers 5 to 50 kilometers.
• This network is in between LAN and WAN.
 VAN NETWORK
• VAN stands for Value Added Network.
• This is another communication system that is used by
the telephone company to offer customer to
communicate with a toll-free number.
 PAN NETWORK
• A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used
for data transmission amongst devices such as computers,
telephones, tablets and personal digital assistants with in the
range ofan individual person (10mtr)
• Forexample,apersontravellingwithalaptop,apersonaldigital
assistant (PDA) or a portable printer could interconnect them
withouthavingtopluganythingin,usingsomeformofwireless
technology.
• This network generally refers to the devices connected
with Bluetooth.
 SOME OTHER NETWORKS
• CAN (Campus Area Network)
• SAN (Storage Area network)
• WLAN(Wireless LAN)
• VLAN (Virtual LAN)
• A VLAN is a group of devices on one or more LANs
that are configured to communicate as if they were
attached to the same wire, when in fact they are
located on a number of different LAN segments.
Because VLANs are based on logical instead of
physical connections, they are extremely flexible.
 Networking/Communication/
Transmission Modes
• Simplex
• It is a simple method of data communication in which
there is one way communication system.
• Television transmission is a very good example of simplex
communication. Here the main transmitter sends out a
signal but doesn’t except a reply back to this transmitter.
• Some other example of it could be a printer or a keyboard.
So due to this the simplex communication system never
used because a return address is general needed to send
acknowledgment orreply.
Sender Receiver (Simplex Communication)
 Half Duplex
• In this system both side part should be communicate
over the same medium, but only one part can send data at
a time, while another part can receive data at a time.
• This communication is like two person talking to
each other, where one talks, the other listens, but
both of them could not talk at the same time.
• A VHF (very high frequency) radio device used in police
station to send and receive messages can be an example of
it. The walkie-talkie device which is a two way portable radio
device can also be its example.
Sender & Receiver (Half Duplex
Receiver & Sender Communication)
 Full Duplex
• In full-duplex communication system there
perform simultaneous transmission in both
directions, so that it is suitable in all the fields of
communication.
• An example of this type communication system is a
telephone or mobile phone.
Sender & Receiver (Full Duplex
Receiver & Sender Communication)
 SOME IMPORTANT INTERNET
PROTOCOLS
• TCP/IP-:TCP/IP dictates how information should be packaged
(turned into bundles of information called packets), sent, and
received, as well as how to reach to its destination, it tells packets
where to go and how to get there. TCP/IP was developed
in 1978 and driven by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf. As the name
implies, TCP/IP is a combination of two separate protocols:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) & Internet Protocol (IP).
• FTP, PPP
• HTTP(USED TO DELIVER WEB PAGES REQUESTED/FORWADED BY WEB
SERVERSTOTHECLIENTVIAWEBBROWSER).
• ARP (PC’s Physical i.e System address in a network)
• RARP (Internet address of a pc)
• SLIP (for internet connection via a dial-up connection,
developed in 80s when modem communications typically
were limited to 2400 bps. It was designed for simple
communication over serial lines.
• TELNET (INTRODUCED IN 1972 COMES FROM THE WORD
‘TELEPHONE NETWORK’ TERMINAL EMULATION PROTOCOL
FOLLOWS UNDER TCP/IP SUITABLE FOR CUI ENVIRONMENT.)
• ICMP (Internet control message protocol) inform
sender about error during data transmission.
• UDP,
• SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol)
 DHCP
• DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol.
• It is a network protocol that enables a server to
automatically assign an IP address to each client
computer that connected into that network.
• Through it dynamic IP addresses are assigned.
• The main work of it to control the host i.e. client
computers by assigning IP address as dynamically.
• It is suitable for a LAN.
• DHCP assigns an IP address when a system is
started. The client PC sends a broadcast request
(called a DHCPDISCOVER) to the DHCP server in
order to connect under it.
 SOME IMPORTANT MAILING
PROTOCOLS
• SMTP (PROTOCOL FOR MESSAGE FORWARD)
• POP (PROTOCOL FOR INBOX)
• IMAP(INTERACTIVE MAIL ACCESS PROTOCOL) FOR
ACCESSING MAIL
• MIME (HELPS TO ATTACH MULTIMEDIA DATA)
 Transmission Media
• The transmission media is the media through which
a channel get form between a sender & a receiver.
• It is of two types like
(a) Guided Media
(b) Un-Guided Media.
 The Guided Media
• The Guided media is the media which have the
control over it.
• Generally the guided media are the wired base like
cables.
• Ex. Of Guided Media are Twisted Pair Cable, Coaxial
Cable & Fiber Optic Cable.
Twisted Pair & Coaxial Cable)

(UTP Twisted
(STP Twisted Pair Cable) Pair Cable)

(Coaxial Cable)
(Coaxial Cable)
Fiber Optic Cable
 Twisted Pair Cable
• Twisted pair cable consist of two insulated copper
wires about 1mm thickness, which are twisted
together for the purposes of twisting the wires as to
reduce the electromagnetic interference (EMI) from
similar pairs that are close by.
• Twisted pair wires are commonly used in local
telephone communication and also in LAN cable.
• Its data transmission speed is 9600 bits per second.
• Again it has two type one is shielded twisted pair
(STP) and another is unshielded twisted pair (UTP).
 Its Advantages
• It is used for both analog and digital data transmission.
• By using it in telephone system signals can travel several
kms without amplification.
• RJ-11 type twisted pair cables are used for telephone
system, whereas RJ-45 type twisted pair cables are used
for computer LAN for networking, Internet.
• If some portion of a twisted pair cable is damaged, then
the entire network is not stop working.
 Its Disadvantages
• Here error rate is high because, it can easily pick
noise signal.
• Due to thin in its size it is likely to break easily.
 Coaxial Cable
• The Coaxial cable consist of a hard copper wire as
the core surrounded by an insulating material.
• Again the insulator is surrounded by a cylindrical
conductor as a closed braided mesh (like a rope
having hole).
• The outer of the conductor is covered in a
protective plastic cover. The signal is transmitted by
the inner copper wire. The coaxial cable can
support up to 10 mbps data rates.
• Generally the coaxial cable is used in dish
connection, CCTV Camera etc.
 Its Advantages
• It has better outer cover against EMI than the twisted pair
cables.
• It is also used for both analog & digital data transmission.
• It has higher bandwidth as compared to twisted pair cable.
• It has lower error rates than twisted pair cable because the
inner conductor is shield.
 Its Disadvantages
• It requires high installation cost than the twisted pair
cable.
• It is susceptible that coaxial cable may be damage by
lightning strikes.
• It requires amplification to strengthen the weak signal in
order to retransmit after long distance journey.
 Fiber Optic Cable
• An optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber
that acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit
light between the two ends of the fiber.
• It is mostly used in scientific and engineering field
as very costly purpose.
• Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic
communications, which permits transmission over
longer distances and higher bandwidths (data rates)
than other forms of communication.
 Its Advantages
• It has much greater bandwidth than metal cables.
• It has less susceptible than metal cables to interference.
• It is much thinner and lighter than the metal cable.
 Its Disadvantages
• Fiber Optic cables are expensive to install as these are so
costly.
• They are more fragile(break) than wire.
• These are difficult to splice(joint as a rope).
 The Unguided-Media
• The Un-guided media is the media which don’t have
any control over it, so it is called as un-guided.
• Generally the unguided media are the non-wired
basis i.e wireless medias like wave, wi-fi, infrared,
Bluetooth etc.
• Ex. of Un-Guided Media are Radio Wave, Micro
Wave & Light Wave.
 Radio Wave
• It is an example of unguided media whose examples
are VHF, UHF, FM etc.
• Its wave length is between 10 khz to 1ghz.
• All radio wave devices uses signal during
transmitting via television & radio devices.
• Radio waves can be broadcasted in any place and as
one directionally.
• Various kinds of antenna can be used to broadcast
radio signals.
• A trans-receiver is used to receive signals over the
medium such as copper wire or fiber optics.
 Its Characteristics
• It is easy to generate
• It can travel long distances.
• It can penetrate buildings easily.
• Radio waves are omnidirectional (can travel in all
directions) .
• It is suck up by rain.
 Micro Wave
• It can travel in straight line therefore it focuses signal as
narrowly thus uses a parabolic antenna.
• Before the invention of fiber optic cables micro waves
were used for telephony transmission system.
• In order to keep away from the problems like weak
signals, for power amplification the microwave system
uses repeaters at the intervals.
• Unlike radio waves at lower frequencies microwaves do
not pass through building.
• It permits data transmission rate of about 16 gbps.
• Terrestrial, VSAT are some examples of it.
 Terrestrial Micro Wave Systems
• The Terrestrial microwave system uses the
directional parabolic antenna to send & receive
signals in lower hertz range.
• Relay towers & repeaters are used to extend
signals.
• This system is used when ever cabling is not
possible such as in hilly areas or crossing rivers etc,
because this system doesn’t use cables.
• This terrestrial transmission covers distance by
relaying signals from station to station.
 Satellite Micro Wave Systems
•The satellite microwave system also uses the directional
parabolic antenna to send & receive signals in lower hertz
range.
•The satellite system is placed with one antenna in geo-
synchronous orbit about 36,000 kms above the equator, thus
it can reach most remote places on earth and communicate
with mobile devices.
•In orbit there the speed of the satellite matches the earth’s
rotation speed.
•The signal become weak due to travel of long 36,000 km
distance. So due to this the satellite also uses transponder to
amplifies weak signal & send them back with good signal to
the earth which is received by the transmitter at the earth.
 On earth, Dish shaped
(curve shaped) antennas
can be placed up to 30
miles apart (but the path
between them must be
unobstructed).

A satellite orbiting the earth at approximately 22,000

miles acts as a relay station, transmitting the signal it
receives from one earth station to another earth
station.
 VSAT
• VSAT stands for Very small Aperture Terminal, that is
a tiny terminal of 1 meter wide antenna run with speed of
19.2 kbps uplink & 512 kbps downlink. It uses a hub, an
antenna, an amplifier to relay.
• It is used in the earth station that can also communicate on
data, voice and video signals excluding broadcast television.
• A VSAT consist of two parts one is a transreceiver that is
placed in outdoor as direct line to satellite and another is a
device that is placed in indoor to interface the transreceiver
with a computer. The transreceiver receives or send signal
from ground station to satellite on sky.
 Light Wave
• It is another unguided media used with in a LAN via
lasers.
• Infrared could be an example of it.
• In this system the bandwidth is very high at very
low cost.
• It is easy to install.
• It doesn’t require any license.
 Infrared
• Infrareds are widely used for short range of
communication can be used as a LAN.
• The remote controllers used on TV, DVD player, AC
etc uses the infrared communication system.
• They are directional, cheap but do not pass through
solid objects.
• An infrared system in one room of a building will not
interface with a similar system in separate room.
• There is no chance of weak signal in this system as
compared to other communication systems.
 What is a Modem?
• Modem stands for modulation and demodulation.
• A modem is a device that enable a computer to connect to a
networkor web for data communication.
• The main work of a modem is to perform modulation &
demodulation worksbased on digital and analog signal.
• Computer, Mobile Phones are the examples of digital
signaling devices, whereas telephone system parabolic
antennas are the examples ofanalog signal.
• A modem can be installed internally or externally. As internally
a computer or mobile devices are their self internal modem,
whereas a dongle, bluetooth or data cable based connecting
mobile devices arethe examples ofexternal modem.
 What is Modulation and
Demodulation?
• The term ‘Modulation’ means that it is the process of
converting digital signal into analog signal.
• The term ‘De-Modulation’ means that it is the process of
converting analog signal into digital signal.
• When a computer wishes to send digital data through web
then that data must be first convert from digital to analog
by that sender’s modem ,then at the receiver computer,
again that analog data converted into digital signal by the
receiver’s modem.
 Different Types of Modulation
AM
• AM stands for Amplitude (extended signal strength)
Modulation.
• This type of modulation or it is a modulation technique
that can be used for both analog and digital signaling via
radio carrier wave.
• Songs transmitted via Akash Vani on wave is an example
of it.
• It is affected by the electrical noise signal.
• Amplifier used with it to avoid the weak signal affect.
 PM
• PM stands for Phase Modulation.
• It uses two analog signal, where the first signal is a carrier,
and the other signal modifies the carrier signal to convey
information.
• In PM system, the phase change takes place whenever
the bit level changes from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1.
• This system generally used in Telephonic System or Color
TV to carry or convey color information as signal at a
higher data rates.
 FM
• FM stands for Frequency Modulation.
• It has a constant amplitude and has a much higher
frequency than the information signal it has to transport.
• The FM wave is least affected by noise.
• FM signal has a wide range of frequencies therefore it
needs much higher bandwidth than AM.
 PCM
• PCM stands for Pulse Code Modulation
• It is a digitalize process in which an analog signal is
represented or converted in digital form.
 What is Multiplexing and
De-multiplexing?
• Multiplexingalsocalledmuxingisawayofsendingmultiplesignals
orstreamsofinformationoveracommunicationslinkatthesame
timeintheformofasinglesignal.
• Its reverse work called de-multiplexing or de-muxing is a way of
retrievingorseparatingthesignalsintheformofmultiplesignals.
• Multiplexing allows multiplestreamsofelectronic messagesto be
transmittedoverthesameconnection.
• DTHservicehavingmorenosofchannelscouldbeitsexample.
• It is the method of dividing a physical communication channels
intomanylogicalchannels.
What is Multiplexing and
De-multiplexing?
 Different Types of Multiplexing
• There are different types of Multiplexing like
(a) FDM
(b) TDM
(c) CDM
(d) WDM
 What is FDM?
• FDM stands for Frequency Division Multiplexing.
• This type Multiplexing used in telephone trunk circuit.
• In FDM the available bandwidth of a physical medium is
divided into several smaller logical bandwidths, where all
that separated bandwidth component used as a separate
communication channel.
• The best example of it could be various stations in Akash
Vani(AIR), where each radio station is assigned with a
frequency range with in the total bandwidth.
• A radio receiver’s antenna receives signal that transmitted
by all the stations.
• Error checking is done during data transmission.
 What is TDM?
• TDM stands for Time Division Multiplexing.
• In TDM separate signals combined into a single high speed
transmission, in which the transmission time is broken into
segments, each ofwhich carriesoneelement ofonesignal.
• In another sentence TDM is a method of sharing a
communication channel in which the total time available in
the channel is divided between several users and each user of
the channel isallotted atime during the transmission.
• TDM is more efficient that FDM, because it does not requires
the guard bands and can operatesdirectly in digital form.
• TDM is fast because it does not involve in error checking,
because data aretransparent toit due to time limit.
 What is CDM and WDM?
• CDM stands for Code Division Multiplexing.
• In CDM transmissions from different stations are multiplexed
bydifferent channel codesand send onacommon channel.
• Butthedifferenttransmissionsusethesamefrequency,where
eachuser isseparated byacode.
• At the receiving end, these data codes are removed from the
desired signal.
• WDM stands for Wavelength Division Multiplexing.
• It is the new technology operates on high data rates over fiber
optic cables replaced byTDM.
Asynchronous Data Transmission
System
• Asynchronous data transfer system refers to non-continuous
data transmission, where data is transmitted character by
character atirregular intervals.
• There used the start and stop bit procedure for each character
between two nodes for which two extra bits one for the start
bit and another forthe stop bit getused.
• Asynchronous data transmission system does not work until the
hardwareonthecommunicationlineisreadytotransmit.
• The best suitable example of this type of transmission is the
communicationbetweenacomputerandakeyboard.
• Itdoesnotrequireanylocalstorageforeachcharacter.
• Ithaslowerdatatransferrate.
 Synchronous Data Transmission
System
• Synchronous data transfer system refers to continuous data
transmission, where data is transmitted character by character
atregular intervals.
• LikeAsynchronousdatatransmission,itdoesnotusestart&stop
bits between two nodes during data transmission at intervals of
charactersandthesenderandreceiverishandleddifferently.
• Ithasbettererrordetectionsystem.
• The best suitable example of this type of transmission is the
communicationbetweenacomputerandaprinter remotely.
• It requireanylocalstorageforeachcharacter.
• Ithashigherdatatransferrate.
 Asynchronous & Synchronous
Data Transmission System Images
Its Some More Images
 What is Cryptography
• Cryptographymeanssecretcode.Astheinternet&e-communication
become more necessary, so e-security also become increasingly
important,thusasystemcryptographyusedforthistoprotecte-data.
• Encryption and Decryption are the two most important jobs of
cryptography.
• Cryptography can be used to protect e-mail messages, credit
cardinformation, confidential data, data integrity, OTP&others.
• One of the most popular cryptography system used on the
internet is ‘Pretty GoodPrivacy(PGP)’.
• In cryptography there used two key, one is a public key that is
known to everyone and another is a private key that only the
actual recipient can know.
 What is Encryption System?
• The word encryption comes from the Greek word
‘kryptos’ which means hidden or secret. Encryption is the
most effective way to achieve data security.
• To read an encrypted file, you must have access to a
secret key or password that enables you to decrypt it.
• Unencrypted data is called ‘Plain Text’ and encrypted
data is referred to as ‘Cipher Text’.
• Encryption is the conversion of electronic data into
another form, called cipher text, which can’t be easily
understood by anyone except authorized users.
• The encryption system is used to protect the
confidentiality of digital data stored on computer
systems or transmitted via the internet or other
computer networks.
 Encryption System Continues…
• The purpose of encryption is to ensure that only
somebody who is authorized to access data will be
able read it using the decryption key.
• Without the required decrypted key it is impossible
to read the encrypted information.
• Devices like modems, smart phones, set-top boxes, smart
cards, SIM cards, protocols like SSL, TLS (Transport Layer
Security),HTTPS,SMIME, SET Digital Certificates, Digital
Signature Systems and many more are uses the
encryption system to protect/encrypt sensitive data.
 What is Decryption System?
• Decryption isthe reverseoperation ofEncryption system.
• Decryption is the process of taking encoded or encrypted text
orother dataandconverting itbackinto itsoriginaltextor data
form that youorthe computer canreadand understand.
• Thedecryptionworkcanbepossibleonlyifthedataencrypted.
• In other sentence decryption is the process of decoding data
that has been encrypted into a secret format using a password
sothatitcanbeaccessedagainbytheauthorizedusers.
• An authorized user can only decrypt data because he/she only
knowsthesecretkeyorpasswordofthatencryptdata.
Encryption & Decryption System
 What is PGP?
• PGP stands for Pretty Good Privacy that is one of the
most popular cryptography system used ininternet.
• It is a data encryption and decryption computer
program that provides cryptographic privacy and
authentication for data communication.
• It is used to encrypt and decrypt email messages over the
internet as well as authenticate messages with digital
signatures and encrypted stored files.
• PGP uses the public and private key system, where the public
key is known to each user whereas the private key is known
only to the authorized user.
• PGP uses a faster encryption and decryption algorithm to
encrypt and decrypt the messages.
 What is SSL?
• SSL stands forSecureSocketLayer.
• It is the standard security technology for establishing an
encrypted link between awebserver and abrowser.
• This link ensures that all data passed between the web server
and browserremain private and integral.
• SSL allows sensitive information such as credit card numbers ,
social security numbers, and secret login id and passwords to
betransmitted securely.
• Moreover SSL is a security protocol that ensures the secure
datatransmissionbetweenawebserver&anuserviabrowser.
• SSL secures millions of people’s data on the internet every day,
especially during online transactions or when transmitting
confidentialinformationthroughinternet.
 What is TLS?
• TLS stands forTransport Layer Security.
• TLS isasuccessor to SSL.
• Like SSL, TLS also provides secure communications on the
internet for e-mail, e-faxand e-transactions other transfers.
• TLS is a protocol that provides privacy and data integrity
between twocommunicating applications.
• It is the most widely deployed security protocol used today for
web browsers and other applications that require data to be
securely exchanged over a network, such as file transfers, VPN
connections, instant messaging etc.
• Majorwebsitesuse TLS to secureallcommunications between
theirserversandwebbrowsers.
 Circuit Switching
• Circuit switching was an oldest methodology for implementing
a communication network in which two network nodes
establish a dedicated communication channel (circuit) through
the networkbeforethe nodes may communicate.
• The circuit functions as the nodes were physically connected
with an electrical circuit.
• An example of a circuit-switched network is the early analog
telephone network.
• When a call is made from one telephone to another, switches
within the telephone exchanges to create a continuous wire
circuit between twotelephones, till the callends.
 Packet Switching
• When data is send from one computer to another at that
time it is broken in to pieces called packets by the TCP. Each
packet has the address ofthe sender & receiver in IP format.
• All the data packets are send from one network to another
network till they all reach their destination. At the destination
the TCP again reassemble the packets into a complete
message. Thistechnologyiscalledpacketswitchingtechnology.
• The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
was one of the world's first operational packet switching
technology, which is also the first network to implement
TCP/IP and to provide global internet.
 Difference between Circuit and
Packet switching Technology
Circuit Switching Packet Switching

(1) Circuit-switched networks needs (1) The Packet-switched networks

dedicated point-to-point connec- moves data separately with
tions during calls. small blocks of packets based
(2) It is used for phone calls. on destination address in each
(3) It reserve a dedicated channel packet.
for the entire communication to (2) It is used for managing data
send signal via switches. over internet.
(4) It is limited to voice signal only. (3) It uses data packets called data
grams for communication.
(4) It can send sound, video,
images, text as breaking into
data packets.
 OSI Model
• OSI stands for Open System Interconnection. It was setup by
Geneva–based International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) in 1977as the aim to standardize the procedures for
exchange of information between computers in networking.
• For data sending easily the OSI model divides the
communication tasks into smaller subtasks which specifies by
different layers with particular network function like addressing,
flowcontrol,errorcontrol,reliablemessagetransferetc.
• The OSI model has seven layers namely Application (7th)
Presentation(6th) Session(5th) Transport (4th) Network (3rd)
DataLink(2nd) Physical(1st).
• When a message is sent from any computer to any other
computer over the internet, actually it travels between these
seven layers as from lowerlevel to the upper level.
 OSI Model Continues…
• In total of 7 layers of OSI model, the layers 1st and 2nd are
mandatory in order to transmit and receive messages in any
communication system.
• Layer 3rd, 4th and 5th are provided by the controlling network
software.
• Finally the 6th and 7th layer finalize the sent work.
 Physical Layer (Layer-1)
• This layer is the first layer from the bottom of seven layered
fashion ofOSI.
• This layer is mandatory in order to transmit and receive
messages.
• This layer defines all the electrical and physical specifications
for devices like wiring connectivity, voltage control etc.
• It includes the physical parts like cables, hubs, switch,
connector, trans-receiver etc.
 Data Link Layer (Layer-2)
• This is the second layer from the bottom ofOSI model.
• The data link layer provides the means to transfer data
between network equipments.
• It detects and corrects possible errors that may occur in the
Physical layer like data flow control, hardware addressing
errorchecking.
• This layer specify how data bits are grouped into logical
chunk (large pieces) of data, known as frames by arranging
bits from the physical layer
• Again this layer has two sub layer one is LLC (Logical Link
Control) & MAC (Media Access Control).
 Network Layer (Layer-3)
• This is the third layer from the bottom of OSI model.
• This layer performs the routing function and forward data
packets to upper level.
• This layer also breaks the large packets into smaller packets
and report delivery errors.
• This layer translates the logical network address into
physical machine address.
• This layer defines IP address, create packet headers for each
packet.
• This layer is helpful for transport layer and other layers
above it to send packets.
• Router and Gateway operate in this layer.
 Transport Layer (Layer-4)
• This is the fourth layer from the bottom ofOSI model.
• This layer also breaks large messages into packets to be sent
to the destination computer.
• The transport layer provides transparent transfer of data
between computers.
• It typically send an acknowledgment to the originator for
receiving the message.
• This layer ensures the complete data transfer. UDP is relating
to this layer.
 Session Layer (Layer-5)
• This is the fifth layer from the bottom of OSI model.
• This layer defines how connection can be establish,
maintain and terminate, where it queues the incoming
messages & is also responsible for recovering from
abnormally terminated session.
• This layer allows application to the destination computer
as a connection called session.
• The session layer controls the connections (sessions)
between computers.
• It also provides for data synchronization as a result, if an
event ofa networkfailure,then only the data can sent and
the failure eventcan be resent.
 Presentation Layer (Layer-6)
• This is the sixth layerfrom the bottom of OSI model.
• This layer translate data in to different formats, which
the network required and the computer accept.
• This layer performs protocol conversion, data
encryption, data translation, data compression etc.
 Application Layer (Layer-7)
• This layer is the seventh and the final layer of OSI model.
• The application layer provides a means for the user to access
information on the network through an application like
networkdatabase.
• This layer is the main interface for users to interact with the
application in the network.
• The protocols at this level includes FTP, HTTP, SMTP, POP etc.
 TCP/IP (DOD) Model
• TCP/IP, is a suite of protocols used for communication over
the internet, which is named after the two most important
protocols one is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
another is Internet Protocol (IP).
• The TCP/IP model is similar to the OSI model but there the
layers are revised as 4 instead of 7 for bringing international
standard on internet for people.
• The TCP/IP model was developed about 10 years after the
develop of OSI model. The TCP/IP is also called as DOD
model (Department ofDefense).
OSI Model layer Vs TCP/IP(DOD) Model
 Computer Network Topologies
• The way in which components of a computer network
arephysically organized is known asTopology.
• Topology means the structure of cabling system.
• There available 5 different types of computer network
topologies such as Bus, Ring, Star, Tree, Mesh etc.
 BUS TOPOLOGY
• In Bus topology all the computers are connected by a single
lengthofcablewithaterminatorateachend.
• ThistopologyisthesimplestandmostwidelyusedforLAN.
• Itisapassivetopologythatmeansonlyonecomputeratatime
cansendamessage,asaresultacomputermustwaituntilthe
busisfreebeforeitcantransmittowardsnextcomputer.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of
BUS TOPOLOGY
Advantages
• It is simple to use and requires few amount of cable to
connect the computers together.
• It is easy to extend a bus through a connector.
• Failure ofone device doesn't effect transmission.
Disadvantages
• Due to connectivity of heavy network, traffic can slow
down a bus.
• It is difficult to troubleshoot a bus because a cable may
malfunctioning at any where which can causes break in
connection.
 RING TOPOLOGY
• It is another network topology whose work is similar with
bus topology except that the nodes are connected
between computers using cable as in a circle.
• Data travels around the ring in the direction from one
computer to another computer by acting as a repeater.
• Each node passes information to the next node until it
reachesits destination.
• There is no chance of signal loss which is shown in bus
topology because ofno end ofthe ring.
• This type of topology can be found in peer to peer
networking.
• It uses a token for transferring data among computers.
Diagram of RING TOPOLOGY
 Advantages & Disadvantages of
RING TOPOLOGY
Advantages
• It is implemented with low cost.
• Because of every computer is given equal access, so no
single computer can try to monopolize in the network.
• Due to the equal sharing of the network there perform
slower operation but instead of fail.
• No limitation on the length of the networks.
Disadvantages
• Failure of one computer in the network results into
failure of entire network.
• Transmission is affected by the numbers of nodes
connected to the ring.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
• Instar topologytheremadethe arrangementofcomputerslike
astarshape.
• Inthistopologyaddinganewmachinetothenetworkissimple.
• Failure of one node does not affected the entire network, but if
cablebreaksthenentiresystemmayfailtoserve.
• Failureofcentralnoderesultsentirefailureofnetwork.
 TREE TOPOLOGY
• Itsacombinationofbusandstartopologywiththestructurelike
abranchesofatree.
• Herethecentralhubconnectedasabussystem.
• Failure of one node does not affected the entire network, but if
cablebreaksthenentiresystemmayfailtoserve.
 Mesh Topology
• In this topology all computers serves as a client and server due
toequalsharingofoneanother.
• If one node fails, rests of the nodes continue to work without
disruption.
• Duetoalotofcable,thistopologyisexpensivetoimplement.
 Internet Protocol (IP)
• The IP worksat the networklayer ofOSI & DOD model.
• It is a connectionless datagram protocol.
• For addressing, IP uses the logical networkaddress.
• For switching, IP uses the packet switching methodology.
 Functional items of IP
• Datagram
(1) Packets in the IP arecalled datagram.
(2) Adatagram isavariable length packetup to65,536 bytes
that consist oftwoparts oneisheaderand another isdata.
• Header
(1) A header contains essential source & destination
information up to 20-60 bytes that needs during routing
&delivery. The remaining bytes areused for general data.
(2) TCP receives data bytes from the upper layers, then
assembles them into packets and at the destination IP
again reassemble that data by checking errors on header
with ‘checksum’ method.
 What is an IP address ?
• An IP is an unique identifier managed by Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA) used to identify computers in a
networktoconnect.Thatallowstransfersofdata,files&e-mail.
• Currently there used the most popular version ipv4 of 32 bits,
butalsothereusinganotheripv6of128bits.
• IP addresses are binary numbers, but they are usually stored in
textfilesanddisplayedinhumanreadablenotations.
• IPv4 addresses are represented in dot-decimal notation, which
consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 1 to 255,
separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part represents a
groupof8bits(octet)oftheaddress.
• Among four section, the first two section is used for network id
andthesecondtwosectionisusedforhostid.
 Classes of IP address
• Therearetotally 5Classes ofIP address ABCD&E.
• Class Aisreserved for governments with asmall network.
• Class B is reserved for medium companies like commercial
organizations, Universities etc.
• Class Cisreserved forsmall companies.
• Class D is reserved for multicasting (a group of destination
computer.Itisacommunication betweensinglesenderand
multiple receiveronnetwork).
• Class Eisreserved for future use.
• N.B-: Notice that currently both class A and B are full. The
address areavailable in class Conly.
Classes of IP address continues…
 MAC Address
• MACstandsforMediaAccessControlthatworksinDLLofOSI.
• ItisanuniquevalueassociatedwithaNetworkAdaptors.
• ItisotherwiseKnownashardwareaddressorphysicaladdress.
• TheyuniquelyidentifyanadapteronaLAN.
• It’s address are 12-digit hexadecimal numbers (48 bits in
length). In its address the first half number refers to the ID
number of the adapter manufacturer and the second half
number is refers to the serial number assign to the adapter
providedbythemanufacturer.
• 00:A0:C9:14:C8:29(anaddressindicatedbyIntelCorporation).
MAC vs IP Address
 Sub Netting/Subnet Mask
• It is a segment of network having 32 bits address like IP
address.
• It is a technique that allows network administrator to divide
one physical network into smaller logical network in order to
controltheflowoftrafficforsecurityandefficiencyreason.
• Assubnettingthebaseaddresstodefine startingpointofthe
networkis‘192.168.1.0’. thatindicatesthatthenetworkbegin
with this i.e. 192.168.1.0, so the first possible host IP of
addresswouldbe192.168.1.1,then192.168.1.2andsoon.
Network Administration
Network Administration Continues…
with Networking Operating Systems
 Network Administration
TheNetworkAdministratorshould
• Installing and configuring the network with using a
NetworkOS.
• Creating usersandgroups.
• AlloworDenyPermissionstotheusersandgroups.
• ConfigureLANnetworktoprovideservicetotheusersand
groups.
• Sharingfilesandfolders
• Sharingprinterandotherimportantnetworkdevices.
 What is Network Operating System?
• Anetworkoperatingsystemisanewkindofoperatingsystem
otherthanthenormaloperatingsystem.
• The network operating system is specially designed for
networkingwork.
• A networking operating system consist of server, client (users
&Groups),network,permissionetcasitsmainparts.
• Windows NT, Windows Server 2000, 2003, 2008 are some
examples of popular Network operating system by Microsoft.
Beside this ‘Novel Netware’ is an example of Network
Operating system by ‘Novel’ company. ‘Unix’, ‘Linux’ (through
telnet,remotelogin)canbeusedasNetworkOS.
 What is Windows NT/Characteristic
Features of Windows NT?
• Windows NT is a Networking operating system designed by
Microsoft,thefirstversionofwhichwasreleasedinJuly1993.
• It was a powerful high-level-language-based, multiprocessing,
multi-useroperatingsystemwithfeaturescompatibletoUnix.
• NT was the first fully 32-bit version of Windows.
• It has a built-in networking & communication features.
• It provides strict system security.
• Its design is based on processor independent so that
it can be easily ported to many different machines.
Anatomy/Components of Windows NT

• Server
• Client (Users)
• Groups
• Network
• Sharing Features
• Security/Authentication
• Rights/Permissions
 Creating of User And Group
• Type of User account
• Local
• Domain (For access to network resources in the
domain).
 User Account
• User are also created on domain controllers
automatically when Active Directory is install
• Administrator-
– Cannot be deleted
– Disable
• Guest Account
– Disable by default
 Right To Group
• Account Operation
• Administrators
• Back Up Operator
• Creator Owner
• Print
• Replicator
 File Sharing
• Sharing permission
– Full Control
– Read
– Change
• Hidden Sharing
 Printer Sharing
• Sharing permission
– Full Control
– Manage Documents
– Print
– No Access