Artificial Intelligence

Lecture No. 32
Dr. Asad Ali Safi

Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science,
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT)
Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Summary of Previous Lecture
• Genetic algorithms
• GA Requirements
• Theory of Evolution
• GA Strengths
• GA Weaknesses
 Today’s Lecture
• Fuzzy Logic
• Fuzzy Membership Sets
• Fuzzy Linguistic Variables
• Fuzzy Control
 What is fuzzy logic?

• Definition of fuzzy
• Fuzzy – “not clear, dissimilar, blurred”

• Definition of fuzzy logic

• A form of knowledge representation suitable for notions that
cannot be defined precisely, but which depend upon their
contexts.

• "Tall Men", "Hot Days", or "Stable Currencies"

• We Will Probably Have a Successful Business Year.

• The Experience of Expert A Shows That B Is Likely to Occur.

However, Expert C Is Convinced This Is Not True.
• "If it is sunny and warm today, I will drive fast"
• Linguistic variables:
– Temp: {freezing, cool, warm, hot}
– Cloud Cover: {overcast, partly cloudy, sunny}
– Speed: {slow, fast}
• Most words and evaluations we use in our daily
reasoning are not clearly defined in a mathematical
manner. This allows humans to reason on an
abstract level!
 Where did it begin?
• The concept of Fuzzy Logic (FL) was conceived by Lotfi
Zadeh, a professor at the University of California at
Berkley, and presented not as a control methodology,
but as a way of processing data by allowing partial set
membership rather than crisp set membership or non-
membership.
• This approach to set theory was not applied to control
systems until the 70's due to insufficient small-
computer capability prior to that time.
• Professor Zadeh reasoned that people do not require
precise, numerical information input, and yet they are
capable of highly adaptive control.
 Problem solving
• FL is a problem-solving control system methodology
that lends itself to implementation in systems ranging
from simple, small, embedded micro-controllers to
large, networked, multi-channel PC or workstation-
based data acquisition and control systems.
• It can be implemented in hardware, software, or a
combination of both.
• FL provides a simple way to arrive at a definite
conclusion based upon vague, ambiguous, imprecise,
noisy, or missing input information.
• FL's approach to control problems mimics how a
person would make decisions.
 Fuzzy Logic (FL) vs Conventional
control methods
• Crisp (Traditional) Variables:
• Crisp variables represent precise quantities:
– x = 3.1415296
– A {0,1}
• A proposition is either True or False
– ABC
• King(Richard)  Greedy(Richard)  Evil(Richard)
• Richard is either greedy or he isn't:
– Greedy(Richard) {0,1}
 Fuzzy Logic (FL) vs Conventional
control methods
• FL incorporates a simple, rule-based IF X AND Y
THEN Z approach to a solving control problem
rather than attempting to model a system
mathematically.
• The FL model is empirically-based, relying on an
operator's experience rather than their technical
understanding of the system.
– terms like "IF (process is too cool) AND (process is
getting colder) THEN (add heat to the process)" or
– "IF (process is too hot) AND (process is heating
rapidly) THEN (cool the process quickly)" are used.
 Fuzzy Logic (FL) vs Conventional
control methods
• These terms are imprecise and yet very
descriptive of what must actually happen.
• Consider what you do in the shower if the
temperature is too cold: you will make the
water comfortable very quickly with little
trouble. FL is capable of mimicking this type of
behavior but at very high rate.
 Fuzzy Sets
• What if Richard is only somewhat greedy?
• Fuzzy Sets can represent the degree to which
a quality is possessed.
• Fuzzy Sets (Simple Fuzzy Variables) have
values in the range of [0,1]
• Greedy(Richard) = 0.7
• Question: How evil is Richard?
 Fuzzy Linguistic Variables
• Fuzzy Linguistic Variables are used to
represent qualities spanning a particular
spectrum
• Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}
• Membership Function
• Question: What is the temperature?
• Answer: It is warm.
• Question: How warm is it?
 Membership function
• The membership function is a graphical representation of
the magnitude of participation of each input.
• It associates a weighting with each of the inputs that are
processed, define functional overlap between inputs, and
ultimately determines an output response.
• The rules use the input membership values as weighting
factors to determine their influence on the fuzzy output
sets of the final output conclusion.
• Once the functions are inferred, scaled, and combined,
they are defuzzified into a crisp output which drives the
system.
• There are different membership functions associated with
each input and output response.
• Create FL membership functions that define
the meaning (values) of Input/Output terms
used in the rules

The features of a membership function

 Membership Functions
• Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}
• Degree of Truth or "Membership"
•
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
1

0
10 30 50 70 90 110
Temp. (F°)
 Membership Functions
• How cool is 36 F° ?
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
1

0
10 30 50 70 90 110
Temp. (F°)
 Inputs: Temperature
• Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
1

0
10 30 50 70 90 110
Temp. (F°)
 Inputs: Temperature, Cloud Cover
• Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}
Freezing Cool Warm Hot
1

0
10 30 50 70 90 110
Temp. (F°)

• Cover: {Sunny, Partly, Overcast}

Sunny Partly Cloudy Overcast
1

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cloud Cover (%)
 Output: Speed
• Speed: {Slow, Fast}

Slow Fast
1

0
0 25 50 75 100
Speed (mph)
 Rules
• If it's Sunny and Warm, drive Fast
Sunny(Cover)Warm(Temp) Fast(Speed)

• If it's Cloudy and Cool, drive Slow

Cloudy(Cover)Cool(Temp) Slow(Speed)

• Driving Speed is the combination of output of

these rules...
 Defuzzification:
Constructing the Output
• Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast
Slow Fast
1

0
0 25 50 75 100
Speed (mph)

• Find centroids: Location where membership is

100%
 Defuzzification:
Constructing the Output
• Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast
Slow Fast
1

0
0 25 50 75 100
Speed (mph)
• Speed = weighted mean
= (2*25+...
 Defuzzification:
Constructing the Output
• Speed is 20% Slow and 70% Fast
Slow Fast
1

0
0 25 50 75 100
Speed (mph)
• Speed = weighted mean
= (2*25+7*75)/(9)
= 63.8 mph
 Notes: Follow-up Points
• Fuzzy Logic Control allows for the smooth
interpolation between variable centroids with
relatively few rules
• This does not work with crisp (traditional
Boolean) logic
• Provides a natural way to model some types
of human expertise in a computer program
 Notes: Drawbacks to Fuzzy logic
• Requires tuning of membership functions
• Fuzzy Logic control may not scale well to large
or complex problems
• Deals with imprecision, and vagueness, but
not uncertainty
 Summery of Today’s Lecture
• Fuzzy Logic
• Fuzzy Membership Sets
• Fuzzy Linguistic Variables
• Fuzzy Control
 Concluding the classes
• What is Intelligence ?
Lecture 1
• What is artificial intelligence?
• Intelligent Systems in Your Everyday Life

• How much can be a Machine Intelligent?

Lecture 2 • Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence
• Is AI dangerous?

• Weak and Strong AI

Lecture 3
• The Turing Test approach
• Chinese Room Argument
 Concluding the classes…
• What is an Intelligent agent?
Lecture 4
• Agents & Environments
• Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors

• Different types of Environments

Lecture 5 • IA examples based on Environment
• Agent types

• Problem solving by searching

Lecture 6 • What is Search?
• Problem formulation
 Concluding the classes …
• Uninformed Search
Lecture 7 • Informed Search
• Breadth-first searching
• Depth-first search

Lecture 8
• Informed (Heuristic) search
• Heuristic evaluation function
• Greedy Best-First Search
• A* Search

Lecture 9
• A knowledge-based agent
• The Wumpus World
 Concluding the classes …
• logic
Lecture 10 • Propositional logic
• Pros and cons of propositional logic
• First-order logic

• Knowledge
Lecture 11 • Transfer of knowledge
• Types of knowledge
• Organizing the Knowledge
•

• Inheritance in Frames
Lecture 12
• Semantic network
 Concluding the classes …
• Rules based Organizing of the Knowledge
Lecture 13
• Rules can representation
• Propositional logic

Lecture 14
15 16
• Expert System
• Forward chaining and backward chaining

Lecture 17-
26 • CLIPS
 Concluding the classes …

Lecture 27
• Machine learning
• Algorithm types

Lecture 28 • Supervised
• Artificial Neural Networks
• Perceptrons

Lecture 29
• Single Layer Perceptron
• Multi-Layer Networks
 Concluding the classes …

Lecture 30
• Unsupervised learning
• Self Organizing Map (SOM)

Lecture 31 • Genetic algorithms

• GA Requirements
• Theory of Evolution

Lecture 32
• Fuzzy Logic
 Material used from the following sources
• CLIPS Userʼs Guide
• Intelligent Systems by Tai-Wen Yue
• Artificial Intelligence by Reema Tariq
• Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/
• ntelligent Agents by Oliver Schulte
• Artificial Neural Networks Dr. Duong Tuan Anh
• Informed search algorithms by Min-Yen Kan
• Heuristic Search by Lise Getoor
• Robotics, Artificial Intelligence by Nick Vallidis
• MLP by Andy Philippides
• http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~kathy/cs4701
• genome.tugraz.at/MedicalInformatics2/SOM.pdf
• Knowledge-Based Agents by Marie des , Andreas
Schulz and Chuck Dyer
• Logical Agents and First Order Logic CSC 8520
Spring 2013. Paula Matuszek
• Knowledge Representation Techniques by Saroj
Kausik
• Rule-based expert systems by negnevitsky pearson
education 2005
• http://staff.unak.is/not/tony/teaching/ai/lectures/
05aBreadthDepth/breadthDepth.ppt
• http://www.seattlerobotics.org/encoder/mar98/fu
z/flindex.html
• Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach,
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall.
• Artificial Intelligence by Hassan Najadat Jordan
UST
• Artificial Intelligence CptS440/540 EECS by Yau
Fenghui
• faculty.tnstate.edu/fyao/COMP4400/AI-
Chap1and2-4web.ppt
• Solving Problems By Searching by Dr Muhamad
Tounsi PSU
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence by Eyal
Amir
• www.authorstream.com/.../techi.vaby-
1537745-unit-ii-solving-problems.ppt
• Expert Systems by Sepandar Sepehr McMaster
University
• web2.aabu.edu.jo/tool/course_file/lec_notes/9
01470_exp_system1.ppt
• Informed Search and Exploration by Michael
Scherger
• Artificial neural networks by HCMC University of
Technology
• What is an Intelligent Agent ? By Based on
Tutorials Monique Calisti ..