Irish philosopher

Age: 67
Nationality: Irish
Region: Western Philosophy
School: Subjective Idealism
was an philosopher whose primary achievement was the
advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism"
(later referred to as “subjective idealism" by others).
This theory denies the existence of material
substance and instead contends that familiar objects
like tables and chairs are only ideas in
the minds of perceivers and, as a result, cannot exist
without being perceived.
For Berkeley, the idea or thought about an object is
our complete knowledge about it. We have no valid
reason for assuming that our idea corresponds to any
actual object, or that a world external to our mind
exists at all.
 For Berkeley no physical objects or physical matter exist at all.
 He believes the only kinds of existents are perceptions and minds.
He believe in God, but sees God as
Infinite Mind.
 www.philosophycourse.info
Immanuel Kant
1794-1804
Introduction
 German Philosopher
 Prussian
 Age of enlightenment
 Western philosophy
 Kantianism
- all actions are performed in accordance to maxim or principle
Man

 Rational being
 Moral imperative:
Formula of university and law of nature
Formula of humanity
Formula of autonomy
Epistemology

 Transcendental idealism- sense and mind.

 Transcendental idealism- constructs knowledge out of sense
impressions and form universal concepts called categories that
imposes upon them.
 Contradict to problematic idealism of Rene Descartes –existence of
matter can de doubted.
 And dogmatic idealism of George Berkeley-who flatly denied the
existence of matter
Epistemology

 Transcendental idealism- sense and mind.

 Noumena-”things-in-themselves”
 Noumenon
 A thing as it is independent of any conceptualization or perception
by the human mind:a thing-in-itself,postulated by practical reason
but existing in a condition which is in principle unknowable and
unexperiable.
Epistemology

 Transcendental idealism- sense and mind.

 Noumena-”things-in-themselves”
 Human knowledge proposition: analytic a priori,
synthetic a posteriori ,synthetic a priori.
Government

 “is only a legitimate government that guarantees our natural right to

freedom, and from this freedom we derive other rights”
 Righteous laws:
3 rational principles: the liberty ,the equality and the independence of
every member of the commonwealth as a citizen.
 Republican government and international organization
 For the state to function is should be ,without the acceptance of the
people a state would not exist therefore this rights are necessary.
Religion belief

 Kant is a theist
 Critique of pure reason
 Moral behavior is rational.
 Morality behavior is only rational if justice will be done.
 Justice will only be done if God exists.
 Therefore: God exist.
Importance to my course

“Applying the moral imperative by

Immanuel Kant, improve my decision
making”
Also , being rational is important .
References
 https://en.Wikipedia.org?wiki/Immauel_kant
 https://www.britanica.com/topic/epistemology/the-history-of-
epistimology
 https://homepages.rpi.edu
JENNELYN C. ABSALON
BSECE-V
 15 OCTOBER 1844 – 25 AUGUST 1900

FRIEDRICH WILHELM NIETZSCHE

INTRODUCTION

• was a German philosopher, cultural

critic, composer, poet, philologist, and Latin and Greek scholar
whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western
philosophy and modern intellectual history
• He was interested in the enhancement of individual and cultural
health, and believed in life, creativity, power, and down-to-earth
realities, rather than those situated in a world beyond.
• Central to his philosophy is the idea of “life-affirmation,”
- which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines that drain
life’s expansive energies.
EPISTEMOLOGY
• Nietzsche’s epistemology is the “will to power”.

• The will to power is basically the force within

humans that drives us to survive and live.
• We survive and live by forcing other people
and “reality” to succumb to our power.
 SELF

• Nietzsche as claiming that the self is in one sense

fixed, and in another sense mutable.
• The self is fixed in that "the individual is the
assemblage of components from one's genetic
heritage and one's environment"
• Yet the self is also mutable, in that one can
"remake" oneself "through the interpretive lens
of language"
• “The criterion of truth resides in the enhancement
of the feeling of power” (WtP sec. 534).

• Reason represents only the “expediency of a

certain race and species--their utility alone is their
‘truth’” (WtP sec. 514).

 https://atlassociety.org/objectivism/atlas-university/deeper-dive-blog/4435-
nietzsche-s-metaphysics-and-epistemology
RELIGIOUS BELIEF

• Nietzsche rejects the Christian God, he is

not ‘anti-religious.’
• Rather, Nietzsche is a religious thinker
precisely because he adopts
Schopenhauer’s analysis of religion as an
intellectual construction that addresses
the existential problems of pain and
death, and gives authority to community-
creating ethos.
• Nietzsche was an atheist for his adult life and didn’t
mean that there was a God who had actually died,
rather that our idea of one had.
 GOD

“God is dead”
(or Gott ist tot, in German)

• Nietzsche’s works express a fear that the decline of

religion, the rise of atheism, and the abscense of a higher
moral authority would plunge the world into chaos.
 LIFE

• For Nieztche, life didn’t have an automatic inherited

meaning, or an “universal truth” but rather, he
believed, it was up to you to work and find a meaning
of life. To find a meaning that aligned with your own
reason and aspirations.
• Nietzsche spoke as if the meaning of life lies
in freedom from, not in the achievement of, ends.
• claimed that Nietzsche saw that life has no meaning so
long as it stands wholly under the domination of
purposes.
“You have your way. I have my way. As for the right way,
the correct way, and the only way, it does not exist.”
-Friedrich Nietzsche
 IDEA OF GOVERNMENT

• Nietzsche didn't believe in governments in the way that we

think of them
• He thought all political parties and political processes were
vessels for the ideas of the individuals at the top (either
political leaders or "power behind the throne" types) and
he thought their outward forms were basically irrelevant.
USE OF THIS PHILOSOPHY IN MY LIFE/COURSE?

 As will to power describes by Nietzsche

may have believed to be the main driving force in humans – achievement,

ambition, and the striving to reach the highest possible position in life.
DACANAY, LUIS FERNANDO L.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING