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EE-415: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Spring 2013

Gas Power Plants

By
Muhammad Arif
Source of slides
1. Paul Breeze, Power Generation Technologies , Elsevier, 2005.
2. R. K. Rajpoot, A Text Book of Power System Engineering, Laxmi Publications, Delhi, 2006
Operation of Gas Turbine
 This power station is run with natural gas as fuel.
 The turbines draw in air at the front of the unit and then
compress; mix with fuel and ignite the mixture at high
pressure.
 The hot gas released expands through the turbine blades
connected to the turbine shaft and deliver some of the kinetic
energy of the gas to blades of turbine.
 The shaft turns thus developing mechanical energy which is
converted into electrical energy by the generator.
 Part of the power is consumed in driving the compressor and
part is converted into electrical energy.
Operation of Gas Turbine

Arrangement of a single gas turbine plant


Gas Turbine Operation
Operation of Gas Turbine
Operation of Gas Turbine
Operation of Gas Turbine
Main Parts of a Gas Turbine
 Turbine
 Employs vans or blades mounted on the shaft and enclosed in a casing.
 More stages are always preferred in gas turbine power plant because it
helps to reduce the stresses in the blades and increases overall efficiency.
 It is essential to cool the blades for long life as these are continuously
subjected to high temperature gases. The common method is to pass cool
air through holes in the blades.
 Compressor
 Mounted on the same shaft or coupled to the turbine
 Delivery pressure is increased by multistage construction of compressor.
However the efficiency of multistage compressor is lower than single
stage compressor due to losses.
Main Parts of a Gas Turbine
 The combustor
 High-pressure air from the compressor then enters a combustion chamber
where it is mixed with fuel and ignited, increasing the temperature of the
air to as much as 1400°C, or higher in some of the latest machines to
appear.
 The gas turbine combustion chamber is specially designed to produce the
minimum quantity of NOx. This NOx is produced at high temperature by a
reaction between oxygen and nitrogen in air, but this can be controlled by
controlling the combustion process so that all the oxygen is used during
combustion, leaving none to react with nitrogen.
 Auxiliaries
 starting devices, Fuel system, Oil system, Auxiliary lubrication pump,
etc.
Main Parts of a Gas Turbine

Source: GEOS 24705/ ENST 24705


Main Parts of a Gas Turbine

Power generation gas turbine: This 480-megawatt unit has a rated thermal
efficiency of 60% in combined cycle configurations.
Main Parts of a Gas Turbine

Source: GEOS 24705/ ENST 24705


Applications of Gas Turbine
Siemens Industrial Gas Turbine Range
Gas Turbine Technology
 Gas turbine has seen a recent rise in popularity within the power
generation industry.
 Until the end of the 1960s gas turbines were almost exclusively the
preserve of the aviation industry.
 During the 1970s and 1980s they started to find favour as standby and
peak power units.
 By the end of the twentieth century the gas turbine had become one of
the most widely used prime movers for new power generation
applications – both base load and demand following – virtually
everywhere.
Gas Turbine Technology
 It has been suggested that gas turbines could account, for 90%
of new capacity in the USA in the next few years
 The most efficient technology for converting fossil into
electricity and because on going research and development to
make it even more efficient.
 Technology is flexible to deal with situations where natural gas
is not readily available because it can handle a wide variety of
low calorific and contaminated fuels.
 Small gas turbines, with outputs of 35–45MW, can achieve
energy conversion efficiencies of up to 38% in power
generation.
Gas Turbine Technology

 Larger gas turbines have traditionally shown slightly lower


efficiencies but new, optimised designs have pushed efficiencies
as high as 38.7% for modern large turbine designs. These units
can have outputs of 265MW.
 Max. efficiency depends on the temp. of compressed air as it
enters the turbine from the combustion chamber. Much modern
development has focussed on new and better materials that can
withstand higher and higher temperatures. In 1967, there were
typically around 900°C, reaching 1100°C in the 1970s.
 It is possible to construct combined plants with efficiencies of the
order of 45% or more.
Energy Cycle of a Simple GT
 Energy flow diagram is shown in the Figure in next slide
 The air brings in minute amount of energy (measured above 0o C).
 Compressor adds considerable amount of energy
 Fuel carries major input to cycle
 Sum of fuel and compressed air energy leaves combustor to enter turbine
 In turbines smallest part of entering energy goes to useful output, largest
part leaves in exhaust
 The shaft energy to drive compressor is about twice as much as the useful
shaft output which actually keeps circulating as long as the turbine runs
 80% of the fuel energy is wasted some of which can be removed by
additional apparatus
Energy Cycle of a Simple GT

Energy Flow Diagram for a Gas Turbine Unit


Advantages of GTPPs
 Pros
 Simple to design & construct compared to a Steam Power station, since
no boilers are required.
 Fewer auxiliaries and less installation time.
 Much smaller compared to Steam Power station of same capacity
 Lower operating costs
 Less water used since there is no need for a condenser
 Maintenance charges are low
 Can be started quickly
 No stand-by losses
 No stack and release of low level of green house gases.
 Low weight to power ratio.
Disadvantages of GTPPs

 Cons
 Not self-starting. Compressor needs to be operating thus external
source of power is necessary.
 Net output is low since greater power is used to drive compressor.
 Overall efficiency of plant is low ~ 20% because of exhaust gases still
containing heat. Only efficient in a Combined cycle configuration
 Temperature of combustion chamber is too high thus resulting in a
lower life.
 Special metals and alloys are required for different components of the
plant
 Higher rotor speeds (rotational speeds of 12,000 r.p.m or more)
Combined Cycle Power Plants
 Fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency of a gas turbine could be
38% using the best of today’s technology due to significant amount
of energy carried away by exhaust gases.
 The exhaust heat can be captured in a steam boiler called a heat
recovery steam generator (HRSG) and generated steam is used to
drive a steam turbine and create additional electricity.
 Using combined cycle configuration, gas turbine operates first and
the waste-heat recovery boilers and steam turbines are added later.
 Such plants boast efficiencies of up to 57% and new generation
combined cycle power plants will soon reach 60% efficiency.
Combined Cycle Power Plants
Kot Addu Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Plant
Uch Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant

Uch 586MW Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant Pakistan


Kabirwala Combined Cycle Plant
 Twin 50 MW Gas Turbine Generators
 74 MW Westinghouse Condensing Steam Turbine Generator
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Plants

 Coal gasification was widely used to produce town gas for industrial
and domestic use in the USA and Europe until natural gas became
readily available.
 Modern gasifiers convert coal into a mixture of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide, both of which are combustible.
 The process that takes place in the gasifier is a partial combustion of
the coal. Consequently it generates a considerable amount of heat.
This heat can be used to generate steam to drive a steam turbine.
 The gas produced is cleaned and can be burned in a gas turbine to
produce further electricity.
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Plants
 Heat from the exhaust of the gas turbine is used to raise additional
steam for power generation.
 An IGCC power plant can achieve an efficiency of 45%. In addition it
can remove 99% of the sulphur from the coal and reduce the
emissions of NOx to below 50 ppm.
 Another area that could prove attractive is underground gasification.
This involves the controlled burning of coal in the underground .
 Air is injected through a borehole into the seam and the gasification
product is extracted from a second borehole. Underground
gasification avoids many of the pollution problems associated with
coal combustion while requiring little advanced technology. However
the technique is nowhere near commercial application.
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Plants
Thar Coal
 Amongst the biggest coal reserves in the world (9.75 billion tons)
 Too deep, low grade
 The underground gas is to be converted into coal gas by a process
known as Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)
 It can produce 50,000 MW of electricity for decades and 100
million barrels of oil for 500 years.
Syngas Production

German Syngas Power Plant

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