By:

Alfira Fidriatur R. (170210103079)

Ernita Khusnalia (170210103082)
Ijatul Arifa (170210103097)
Dwi Ikmalul W. (170210103111)
 Agnatha
(Jawless) Chondrichthyes
Fishes
Gnatostomata (Cartilagenous)
(Jawed)
Osteichthyes
 Class Myxini: Hagfishes

1. Body slender, eel-like, rounded, with naked skin

containing slime glands
2. They are scavengers and predators.
3. Biting mouth with two rows of eversible teeth, but
no jaws
4. No paired appendages, no dorsal fin (the caudal
fin extends anteriorly along the dorsal surface)
5. Fibrous and cartilaginous skeleton; notochord
persistent
6. Heart with sinus venosus, atrium, and ventricle;
accessory hearts, aortic arches in gill region
7. Five to 16 pairs of gills with a variable
number of gill openings
8. Pronephric and segmented mesonephric
kidneys; marine, body fluids isosmotic with
seawater
9. Digestive system without stomach; no spiral
valve or cilia in intestinal tract
10.Sense organs of taste, smell, and hearing;
eyes degenerate; one pair semicircular
canals
11.Sexes separate (ovaries and testes in same
individual but only one is functional);
external fertilization; large yolky eggs, no
larval stage
Eptatretus stoutii
 Class Petromyzontida: Lampreys
(Gr. petros, stone, + myzon , sucking)

1. Body slender, eel-like, rounded with naked skin

2. Fibrous and cartilaginous skeleton; notochord
persistent
3. Suckerlike oral disc and tongue with well-
developed keratinized teeth
4. Heart with sinus venosus, atrium, and ventricle;
aortic arches in gill region
5. One or two dorsal fins, no paired appendages
6. Seven pairs of gills each with external gill
opening
7. Opisthonephric kidney; anadromous and
freshwater; body fluids osmotically and ionically
regulated
8. Digestive system without distinct stomach;
intestine with spiral fold
9. Sense organs of taste, smell, hearing; eyes
well-developed in adult; two pairs semicircular
canals
10.Sexes separate; single gonad without duct;
external fertilization; long larval stage
(ammocoete)
 Class Chondrichthyes

1. Large (average about 2 m), body fusiform, or dorsoventrally

depressed, with a heterocercal caudal fin (diphycercal in
chimaeras) paired pectoral and pelvic fins; pelvic fins in male
modified as “claspers”
2. Mouth ventral; two olfactory sacs that do not open into the mouth
cavity in elasmobranchs; nostrils open into mouth cavity in
chimaeras; jaws present
3. Skin with placoid scales or naked; teeth of modifi ed placoid scales
and polyphyodont in elasmobranchs; teeth modified as grinding
plates in chimaeras
4. Endoskeleton entirely cartilaginous; notochord persistent but
reduced; vertebrae complete and separate (vertebrae present but
centra absent in chimaeras)
5. Digestive system with J-shaped stomach (stomach absent in
6. Circulatory system of several pairs of aortic arches; single
circulation; hepatic portal and renal portal systems; heart with
sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and conus arteriosus
7. Respiration by means of fi ve to seven pairs of gills leading to
exposed gill slits in elasmobranchs; four pairs of gills covered by
an operculum in chimaeras
8. No swim bladder or lung
9. Opisthonephric kidney and rectal gland; blood isosmotic or slightly
hyperosmotic to seawater; high concentrations of urea and
trimethylamine oxide in blood
10. Brain of two olfactory lobes, two cerebral hemispheres, two optic
lobes, cerebellum, medulla oblongata; 10 pairs of cranial nerves;
three pairs of semicircular canals; senses of smell, vibration
reception (lateral-line system), vision, and electroreception well-
developed
11. Sexes separate; gonads paired; reproductive ducts open into
cloaca (separate urogenital and anal openings in chimaeras);
oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous; direct development;
fertilization internal
 Subclass Elasmobranchii:
Sharks, Skates, and Rays
The 13 living orders of elasmobranchs number about 937
species.
1) Coastal waters are dominated by ground sharks, order
Carcharhiniformes, which contains typical-looking
sharks such as tiger and bull sharks and more bizarre
forms, including hammerheads
2) Order Lamniformes contains several large, pelagic
sharks dangerous to humans, including great white and
mako sharks.
3) Dogfish sharks, familiar to generations of comparative
anatomy students, are in order Squaliformes.
4) Skates belong to the order Rajiformes,
5) Several groups of rays (stingrays, eagle rays, manta
More than half of all
elasmobranchs are rays,
a group that includes
skates, electric rays,
sawfishes, stingrays, and
manta rays. Most are
specialized for bottom
dwelling, with a
dorsoventrally flattened
body and greatly enlarged
pectoral fi ns, which they
move in a wavelike
fashion to propel
themselves
Electric rays are sluggish
fish with large electric
organs on each side of their
head.
The voltage produced is
relatively low (50 volts) but
power output may be almost
one kilowatt—quite
sufficient to stun prey or
discourage predators.
 Subclass Holocephali: Chimaeras
• Their jaws bear large flat plates.
The upper jaw is completely
fused to the cranium, a most
unusual feature in fishes.
• Their food includes seaweed,
molluscs, echinoderms,
crustaceans, and fishes—a
surprisingly mixed diet for such a
specialized grinding dentition.
• Chimaeras are not commercial
species and are seldom caught.
Despite their bizarre shape, they
are beautifully colored with a
pearly iridescence.
OSTEICHTHYES: BONY FISHES
 Class Actinopterygii:
Ray-Finned Fishes

1. Skeleton with bone of endochondral origin; caudal fin

heterocercal in ancestral forms, usually homocercal in
descendant forms skin with mucous glands and
embedded dermal scales scales ganoid in ancestral
forms, scales cycloid, ctenoid or absent in derived forms
2. Paired and median fins present, supported by long
dermal rays (lepidotrichia); muscles controlling fin
movement within body
3. Jaws present; teeth usually present with enamaloid
covering; olfactory sacs do not open into mouth; spiral
valve present in ancestral forms, absent in derived forms
4. Respiration primarily by gills supported by arches and
covered with an operculum
5. Swim bladder often present with or without a duct
connecting to esophagus, usually functioning in
buoyancy
6. Circulation consisting of a heart with a sinus venosus,
an undivided atrium, and an undivided ventricle; single
circulation; typically four aortic arches; nucleated
erythrocytes
7. Excretory system of paired opisthonephric kidneys;
sexes usually separate; fertilization usually external;
larval forms may differ greatly from adults
8. Nervous system of a brain with small cerebrum, optic
lobes, and cerebellum; 10 pairs of cranial nerves; three
 Order Acipenseriformes
 Body covered by a strip line 5 tl
 Dg elongated snout lower jaw weak
 Order of materials prone tl, tail
heterocercal.
 Example: Acipenseriformes orcyrhynchus
 Order Amiiformes
 The tail fin Dipicercal
 In the base of the pectoral fin there and tl tl
scapulocaracoid radius.
 Example: Amia calva,
 Order Lepidosteiformes
 Some wrote Lepisosteiformes
 scales ganoid
 Elongated snout and a toothed
 Hidungdi hole tip of the snout.
 The tail fin Dipicercal
 Lepidosteus osseous
 Order Clupeiformes
 scales clicoid
 The tail fin homocercal
 Anal soft rays.
 Example Clupea harengus
 Order Scopeliformes
 The dorsal fin 2 pieces
 Wide mouth with small teeth
 Has the "Luminous Organ" (a light-
producing apparatus)
 Living waters in and afotik.
 Example: Harpodon nehereus
 Order Cypriniformes
 There was a scaly there who do not
 Have air bubbles that are associated with the
esophagus or not
 that Berhub Physostomi that morbidly
Physoclysti,
 Fin abdominal (pelvic fin) is abdominal (Actually
in the abdomen)
 Some types Thorachal (forward position almost
brought the pectoral fins.
 There was a shift to the back nearing the anal fin.
Sub Order 1 Cyprinoidei
Scaly
Vertebrae 3 and 4 were never united.
Example: Cyprinus carpio

sub Order 2 Siluroidei

not scaly
Tl mandible reduce
Around the mouth there are muttering 'Barbles "
Vertebrae 2, 3, 4 together.
example: Clarias batrachus,
 Order Anguilliformes
 The relative elongated cylindrical body
 The dorsal fin, caudal, anal dg relate to one
another.
 Having a soft pectoral fins and scales.
 Spawn in the deep ocean, heading toward
his ttp forth until eventually mature into
the sea.
 Example: Anguilla bicolor
 Order Beloniformes
 Elongated flat body
 scales cycloid
 tail homocercal
 Abdominal pelvic fins
 There was a chest flaring fins
interchangeable use to fly.
 Example: Exocoetus pecilopterus
 Order Syngnathiformes
 The jaws come together to form "bamboo"
 Body covered with scales ringed
 The radius of the pectoral fins and backs ill
never branched
 Example: Hippocampus horse (Seahorses)
 Order Ophiocephaliformes
 Head shaped like a snake's head
 scales cycloid
 Gills have a pervasive outbuilding used to absorb
air
 Because it has a habit of poking above the water
surface.
 Relative survival in terrestrial.
 Example: Ophiocephalus striatus (fish Cork)
 Order Synbrachiformes
 Only have one gill slits on the side of the
ventral
 An elongated body shape more and more
rearward taper.
 Morbidly fins visible in the clear, without
pectoral fin
 Example: Monopterus albus (eel)
 Ordo Perciformes
 scales ctenoid
 The dorsal fin 2 pieces
 Thoracic abdominal fins.
 Have an additional tool to the gills.
 Example: Anabas scandens (BETHOK)
Perca flavescens
 The Order Pleuronectiformes
 Flat shape like a tongue
 Both eyes on the dorsal side
 The fins (pinnae) without spina
 Example: Cynoglossus lingua (sole)
– Shape like a dog tongue.
 Order Echeneiformes
 Including the types of small fish
 Two dorsal fins
 One adjacent to the head and modified mjd
adhesive tool (attached to another animal
pd)
 Thoracic abdominal fins.
 Example: Echeneis Naucrates
 Order Fentradontiformes
 Body covered by pieces of bone that some
of them stand out such as dental burr
 Small gill slit
 Example: Fentrodon sp.
– Deodon sp
– Ostracion (Pufferfish)
 Class Sarcopterygii

1. Skeleton with bone of endochondral origin; caudal fin

diphycercal in living representatives, heterocercal in
ancestral forms; skin with embedded dermal scales
with a layer of dentinelike material, cosmine, in
ancestral forms
2. Paired and median fins present; paired fins with a
single basal skeletal element and short dermal rays;
muscles that move paired fi ns located on appendage
3. Jaws present; teeth are covered with true enamel and
typically are crushing plates restricted to palate;
olfactory sacs paired, may or may not open into mouth;
intestine with spiral valve
4. Gills supported by bony arches and covered with an
operculum
5. Swim bladder vascularized and used for respiration
and buoyancy (fat-filled in coelacanths)
6. Circulation consisting of heart with a sinus venosus,
two atria, a partly divided ventricle, and a conus
arteriosus; double circulation with pulmonary and
systemic circuits; characteristically five aortic arches
7. Nervous system with a cerebrum, a cerebellum, and
optic lobes; 10 pairs of cranial nerves; three pairs of
semicircular canals
8. Sexes separate; fertilization external or internal
six species of lungfishes and two species of
coelacanths
Pterios sp.