PRESENTED BY

DR. P.K. SINGHAI

WHAT IS FOUNDATION ?
 Lowest part of a structure directly in contact with the ground and transmits all
the loads to the sub-soil below it

 Majority of structure fails due to failure of their foundation

 Major purpose is to transmission of load in such a way soil is not over-stressed

and does not undergo deformation

PURPOSE

 To support structure
 Distributes the loads over a larger area
 Minimizes the differential settlements
 Increases stability & prevents overturning 2
 Distribute non-uniform load uniformly to the soil
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

FOUNDATIONS

SHALLOW DEEP
FOUNDATION FOUNDATIONS
D≤B D>B

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 SUITABILITY OF FOUNDATION

SHALLOW FOUNDATION
 Bearing capacity of soil is more.
 ground water table(W.T) is low.
 dewatering of foundation is not required.
 top layers of soil are uniform and stable.
 Load on the structure is less.

DEEP FOUNDATION
 Bearing capacity of soil is low.
 ground water table(W.T) is high.
 dewatering of foundation is costly and difficult.
 top layers of soil are non uniform and unstable.
 Load on the structure is more.
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SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Advantages:
a) Cost (affordable)
b) Construction Procedure (simple)
c) Material (mostly concrete)
d) Labour (doesn’t need expertise)

Disadvantages:
a) Settlement
b) Foundation gets subjected to pullout, torsion etc
c) Irregular ground surface(slope, retaining wall)
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 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

1) SPREAD FOOTING
i) Continuous footing (strip or wall)
ii) Isolated column footing a) Square
b) Circular
c) Rectangular
iii) Reinforced concrete footings

2) STRAP FOOTING

3) COMBINED FOOTING
i) Rectangular
ii) Trapezoidal

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4) RAFT FOUNDATION
 1) SPREAD FOOTING
 Carries a single column
 Used to spread out loads from walls of columns over a
wider area
 Consists of concrete slabs located under each structural
column and a continuous slab under load-bearing walls
 Commonly used due to their low cost & ease of
construction
 Used in small to medium size structures with moderate to
good soil condition
 For high rise buildings it is not efficient 7
 Wall Footing

Simple wall footing Wall footing with

without masonry offsets (Stepped
masonry offsets wall footing)
(SBC is high) (SBC is low)

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 WALL FOOTING

 A spread footing for a continuous wall is called strip

footing. (Used to support load bearing walls)

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 REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING
o Used where the walls are subjected to heavy loads
& soil bearing capacity is low

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 ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING

 Used to support individual columns.

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ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING

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2) COMBINED FOOTING
 Supports two columns
 the two columns are so close to each other that their
individual footings would overlap
 one column is placed right at the property line
 C.G. of column load and centroid of the footing should
coincide

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 COMBINED FOOTING

 Rectangular footing  Trapezoidal footing

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3) STRAP FOOTING

 Two isolated footings connected with a strap or beam

 Connects in such a way that they behave as one unit
 The strap acts as a connecting beam and does not take any soil
reaction. The strap is designed as rigid beam.
 It does not provide bearing

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 to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior
column
 Used to transmit the moment caused from an eccentricity to the
interior
 Can be used instead of combined footing if the distance
between two columns is large
 More economical than combined footings

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4) RAFT FOUNDATION

 Large reinforced concrete slab supporting no. of

columns & walls
 area of spread footings or combined footings exceeds
about 50 percent of the gross area of the building
 Greater weight & continuity of a mat provides sufficient
resistance

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RAFT / MAT FOUNDATION

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Raft/Mat Foundation is suitable under following conditions

 Structural loads are heavy or the soil condition is poor

 Soft or loose soils having less bearing capacity
 Foundation soil is non-homogeneous and prone to excessive
differential settlements
 Lateral loads are non-uniform
 Columns are so close that their individual footings would
overlap
 To resist water pressures when groundwater extends above
the floor level of the lowest basement of a building
 There is a large variation in the loads on individual columns

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FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION SELECTION
FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION CHOICE:

 Sub-surface soil
 Ground water table conditions
 Type of structure
 Magnitude of load
 Tolerances of structure i.e. permissible values of settlement and tilt etc.
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PERMISSIBLE DIFPERENTUL SRTTLEMENTS AND TILT IS:1904

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BASIC REQUIREMENT OF FOUNDATION

 Foundation must be properly located considering any future influence which

could adversely affect its performance
 Soil supporting must be safe against shear failure
 Foundation must not settle or deflect
 Should safe against sliding and overturning
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION INCLUDE

1. Soil Design

2. Structural Design
Geotechnical Shallow Foundation Design

Soil Design of foundation Include:

 Loads coming on foundation W (DL, LL, etc.)

 Determination of Allowable Bearing pressure of soil, qa

 Determination of area of foundation

Area = [W + Self weight of foundation(10% of W)] / qa

 Layout of foundation: such a way that C.G. of foundation coincides

with C.G. of load

 Upward soil pressure on footing p = W/A < A. B. P

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