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FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Classification of fluid flow
Laminar flow: if you were to put a tracer and watch it flow,
you will see that it doesn’t disperse. It is usually associated with
slow moving, viscous fluids. In laminar flow the motion of the fluid
particles is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines
parallel to the pipe wall.Example is flow of water through an aquifer
Solution
A = D2/4 = 3.14x(0.1)2/4 = 7.85x10-3m2
V= Q/A = 0.025/7.85x10-3m2 = 3.18 m/s
Re = (1000x3.18x0.1)/1.005x10-5 = 316400
The flow is fully turbulent as 316400 is far much greater than 4000
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Classification of fluid flow
Uniform flow: · If the flow depth remains constant and velocity is
the same magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid, then
flow is said to be uniform. That is if flow attributes remain the same
with respect to space
Non Uniform flow: · If the flow depth and velocity change with
space, then the flow is said to be non-uniform.
B. Steady non-uniform flow. Conditions change from point to point in the stream
but do not change with time. An example is flow in a tapering pipe with constant
velocity at the inlet - velocity will change as you move along the length of the pipe
toward the exit.
C. Unsteady uniform flow. At a given instant in time the conditions at every point
are the same, but will change with time. An example is a pipe of constant diameter
connected to a pump pumping at a constant rate which is then switched off.
D. Unsteady non-uniform flow. Every condition of the flow may change from point
to point and with time at every point. For example waves in a channel.
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Fluid Flow Equations
When analyzing fluid motion, we might take one of two approaches:
(1) seeking to describe the detailed flow pattern at every point (x, y, z)
in the filled volume of fluid or
(2) working with finite region, making a balance of flow in versus flow
out, and determining gross flow effects such as force, or torque on a
body, or total energy exchange.
The second approach is the control volume concept and is the subject
of this course.
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Fluid Flow Equations
We shall go through the three basic control volume relations in fluid
mechanics:
volume (in other words we can treat the control volume as a black box).
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Continuity Equation
o it is based on the conservation of mass principle
Q1 = A1V1 = A2V2 = Q2
Where A is the cross-sectional area of
flow, V is the velocity of flow and Q is
the flow rate
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Continuity Equation
Example
Water flows through a branching pipeline shown below. If the
diameter, D2, is 250 mm, V2 = 1.77 m/s and V3 = 1.43 m/s
2
Thus D3 = 0.393 m
(b)
Q2 =A2V2 = (3.14x0.25x0.25/4)x1.77 = 0.087 m3/s
can be used?
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Continuity Equation
Solution
Two points
joined by streamline
Two points
joined by streamline
Total energy per unit weight at 1 Total energy per unit weight at 2
Total head at 1 Total heat at 2
P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z2
g 2 g g 2 g
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Energy Equation
Bernoulli’s equation has some restrictions in its applicability, they
are: (assumptions)
Flow is steady;
Density is constant (which also means the fluid is
incompressible)
Friction losses are negligible
The equation relates the states at two points along a single
streamline, (not conditions on two different streamlines)
All these conditions are impossible to satisfy at any instant in
Reality! Fortunately for many real situations where the conditions
are approximately satisfied, the equation gives very good results.
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Energy Equation
Bernoulli’s equation has some restrictions in its applicability, they
are:
Flow is steady;
Density is constant (which also means the fluid is
incompressible)
Friction losses are negligible
The equation relates the states at two points along a single
streamline, (not conditions on two different streamlines)
All these conditions are impossible to satisfy at any instant in
reality.
Fortunately for many real situations where the conditions are
approximately satisfied, the equation gives very good results.
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Energy Equation
With real fluids and not ideal fluids the Bernoulli’s equation
becomes:
2 2
P1 V P2 V
z1
1
z2 h f 2
g 2 g g 2 g
Where hf denotes the headloss/energy loss (friction etc)
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Worked Example
Water flows through a pipeline of constant diameter that is
inclined upwards. On the centreline of the pipe, point 1 is 0.3 m
below point 2. The pressure at point 1 is 9.3 x10 3 N/m2. What is
the pressure at point 2 if there is no loss of energy
0.3 m
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Worked Example
The diameter of the pipe is constant so (V1)2/2g = (V2)2/2g
Therefore the velocity heads are equal and therefore cancel out
and the Bernoulli’s equation becomes
Z1 +P1/g = Z2 + P2/g
Taking the datum level through point 1, Z1 = 0 and Z2 = 0.3 m
Therefore
0 + (9.3x103/(1000x9.81) = 0.3 + P2/g
P2/g = 0.948 – 0.300 = 0.648 m of water
P2 = 0.648x1000x9.81 = 6.36x103 N/m2
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Worked Example
Water flows through an expanding pipeline that is inclined
upwards. On the centreline of the pipe, point 1 is 0.3 m below
point 2. The velocities are V1 = 3.1 m/s and V2 = 1.7 m/s. The
pressure at point 1 is 9.3 x103 N/m2. What is the pressure at
point 2 if there is no loss of energy
0.3 m
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Worked Example
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Worked Example
the force acting upon it and it takes place in the line of action
of the force. For a body of mass, M
Force = rate of change of momentum = (MV2-MV1)/t
= M(V2-V1)/t = Ma
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Momentum Equation
o Where V1 and V2 are the initial and final velocity of the body
respectively, t is the time over which the change of velocity
occurs, and a is the acceleration of the body.
The control volume for the pipe bend has the same
geometry as the real pipe. Then the control volume
concept is that
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Momentum Equation
The control volume for the pipe bend has the same
geometry as the real pipe. Then the control volume
concept is that
A.Pipe Bends
Assuming there is no loss of momentum and that there
is no turbulence at the bend then
Pipe bend
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Worked Example
A pipeline of constant diameter of 0.30 m turns through
an angle of 60°. The centreline of the pipe does not
change elevation. The discharge through the pipeline is
0.1 m3/s of water, and the pressure at the bend is 30 m
of water. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force on the pipe.
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Worked Example
A pipeline of constant diameter of 0.30 m turns through
an angle of 60°. The centreline of the pipe does not
change elevation. The discharge through the pipeline is
0.1 m3/s of water, and the pressure at the bend is 30 m
of water. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force on the pipe.
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Worked Example
STEP 1: Apply the continuity equation
Q= A1V1 = A2V2 , where A1 =A2= (x0.32)/4 = 0.071 m2
0.1 = 0.071x V1 V1 = 1.41 m/s = V2
STEP 2: Apply the momentum equation in the x and y
directions, remembering the sign convention
P1 = P2 = gh = 1000x9.81x30 = 294.30 x 103 N/m2
Note: the +ve answer indicates that FRY is acting in the direction
assumed
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Worked Example
STEP 3: Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force
FR = (FRX2 +FRY2)1/2 = 103(10.522 + 18.222)1/2 = 21.0 x103N
and its angle to the horizontal is given by
= tan-1 (F
RY/FRX)= tan (18.22/10.52) = 60°.
-1
The water exerts an equal force on the pipe in the opposite direction
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Applying the Momentum Equation
Will use the momentum equation to evaluate forces
acting on pipe bends and nozzles
B. Nozzles
The momentum equation can also be used to investigate
force exerted by a stream of moving liquid on a nozzle
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Applying the Momentum Equation
B. Nozzles
The liquid tries to force the nozzle off the end of the pipe, so it
must be held in place by for example , a number of bolts around
the flange of the pipe. If the force, F, is calculated and is known
what tensile force one bolt can withstand, then a suitable
connection with an appropriate number of bolts can be designed.
In this situation, there is change in velocity as a result of the
reducing area of the nozzle, but no change in direction. So the
momentum equation is applied along the direction of motion
FLUID DYNAMICS- Fluids in Motion
Applying the Momentum Equation
This means the subscripts are omitted. Using the same sign
convention as before, forces are positive if acting from left to right,
so
P1A1 –P2A2 – FR = Q(V2 – V1)
this can be simplified by assuming that because the nozzle is
discharging to the atmosphere the pressure of jet P 2, will equal the
atmospheric pressure, i.e., P2 = 0. then