Chapter 1

RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
April 1, 2019
Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 1

Chapter-1
Foundations of Research
Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 2 April 1, 2019

RESERACH
 Re means once more, afresh, anew OR back, with return to a previous

state.
 Search means look thorough or go over thoroughly to look something
OR examine to find anything concealed.

Research
Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS.

 SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of procedures and steps which you will follow. There
are certain things in the research process which are always done in order to get the most
accurate results.
 ORGANIZED : In that there is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a planned
procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope.
 FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or even a
simple question, research is successful when we find answers. Sometimes the answer is no, but
it is still an answer.
 QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is of no use.
Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question, research
has no focus, drive, or purpose.

Research
 According to Clifford Woody, research comprises defining and redefining

problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing
and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusion and at last
carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating
hypothesis.
 D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences define
research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of
generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge
aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art.”
 Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge
making for its advancement.

Research
1. The search for knowledge through objective and systematic methods

of finding solutions to a problem is research.
2. Is the pursuit of truth with help of study, observations, comparison and
experiment.
3. Research is the systematic method consisting of enunciating the
problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts or data,
analyzing the facts and reaching certain conclusions either in the form
of solution(s) towards the concerned problem or in certain
generalizations for some theoretical formulation.

Objectives of Research
 Defining and redefining the problems

 Formulating the hypotheses or suggested solutions.
 Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.
 Making deductions and reading conclusions
 And at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they
fit the formulating hypotheses

Motivation in Research
 Desire to get research degree

 Desire to face challenges in solving the unsolved problems
 Desire to get intellectual joy doing some creative work
 Desire to be of service to the society
 Desire to get responsibility

What is Business Research?
 Business Research may be defined as the “systematic and objective

process of gathering, recording and analyzing data for aid in making
business decisions” (Zikmund, Business Research Methods, 2002, p. 6)
 Systematic and Objectivity are its distinguishing features of Business

Research, which is important tool for managers and decision-makers in
corporate and non-corporate organizations

When is Business Research Used?
 Typically, business research methods are used in situations of

uncertainty, that is, when decision-makers face two or more courses of
action and seek to select the best possible alternative under the
circumstances.
 Business Research is hence aimed at improving the quality of decision-
making which, in turn, benefits the organization and helps ensure its
continuity and efficiency

Typical Users of Business Research Methods
 Businesses and Corporations

 Public-Sector Agencies
 Consulting Firms
 Research Institutes
 Non-Governmental Organizations
 Non-Profit Organizations
 Independent Researchers and Consultants
Common Business Research Methods & Techniques
 Surveys
 Interviews
 Observation
 Experiments
 Archival and Historical Data
 Qualitative Analysis
 Quantitative Analysis

Fields Where Business Research is Often Used
General Business Conditions and Corporate Research

 Short- & Long-Range Forecasting,
 Business and Industry Trends
 Global Environments
 Inflation and Pricing
 Plant and Warehouse Location
 Acquisitions

Fields Where Business Research is Often Used
Management and Organizational Behaviour Research

 Total Quality Management
 Morale and Job Satisfaction
 Leadership Style
 Employee Productivity
 Organizational Effectiveness
 Structural ssues
 Absenteeism and turnover
 Organizational Climate
Financial and Accounting Research
 Forecasts of financial interest rate trends,

 Stock,bond and commodity value predictions
 capital formation alternatives
 mergers and acquisitions
 risk-return trade-offs
 portfolio analysis
 impact of taxes
 research on financial institutions
 expected rate of return
 capital asset pricing models
 credit risk
 cost analysis

Sales and Marketing Research
 Market Potentials
 Market Share
 Market segmentation
 Market characteristics
 Sales Analysis
 Establishment of sales quotas
 Distribution channels
 New product concepts
 Test markets
 Advertising research
 Buyer behaviour
 Customer satisfaction
 Website visitation rates
Information Systems Research
 Knowledge and information needs assessment

 Computer information system use and evaluation
 Technical suppot satisfaction
 Database analysis
 Data mining
 Enterprise resource planning systems
 Customer relationship management systems

Corporate Responsibility Research
 Ecological Impact
 Legal Constraints on advertising and promotion
 Sex, age and racial discrimination / worker equity
 Social values and ethics

Selected Examples of Real-Life Situations in Which
Business Research Methods are Used
 A firm wants to produce and market a new product but first wants to ascertain if there
is a potential consumer demand for this product in markets x,y and z
 a multinational firm wants to establish a production facility in another country after
determining its technical and economic feasibility
 A government agency wants to ascertain the satisfaction level of its employees, the
causes for any possible discontent, and propose a scheme for enhancing this level
 A financial institution wants to invest in commodities and commissions a study to
determine the past trends and forecast future returns in a portfolio of commodities
 The CEO of a firm wants to undertake a SWOT-Analysis as part of his plan to redefine his
organization’s priorities

TYPES OF RESEARCH
 System #1:
 – Basic research
 – Applied research
 System #2:
 – Quantitative research
 – Qualitative research
 System #3:
 – Experimental research
 – Non-experimental research

Pure/ Basic research
 Purpose of gaining knowledge

 Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are intellectually
challenging to the researcher but may or may not have practical application at the
present time or in the future.
 Basic research is driven by a scientists curiosity or interest in a scientific question.
 The main motivation is to expand mans knowledge, not to create or invent something.
 There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that result from basic research.
 For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to questions such as:
 How did the universe begin? •
 What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
 How do slime molds reproduce?
 What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?

Applied Research
 Applied Research is done to solve specific, practical questions; for policy formulation,
administration and understanding of a phenomenon.
 Aims at finding solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industry/
business organizations. Aims at solving specific problems. Aims at establishing policy
programs that will help to improve social life. Types of applied research are action research,
social impact studies, cost-benefit analysis, evaluation research.
 Applied research refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical
problems. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and
develop innovative technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake.
 For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:
a. Improve agricultural crop production
b. Treat or cure a specific disease
c. Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation.

Descriptive Research
 Means description of the state of affairs as it exists at present.

 Researcher only reports only what has happened or what is happening.
 Usually it forms preliminary study of a research project.
 It aims at describe social events, relations and events.
 It provides background information about an event in question.
 It refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics
of a particular individual, situation, or group.

 Descriptive research, also known as statistical research.

 These studies are a means of discovering new meaning, describing what exists,
determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing
information.
 In short descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and
studied, which has an impact of the lives of the people it deals with.
 For example,
 finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town.
 The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that disease thus, more
people will live a healthy life.

Advantages:
 The people individual studied are unaware so they act naturally or as they usually do in
everyday situation
 It is less expensive and time consuming than quantitative experiments
 Collects a large amount of notes for detailed studying;
 As it is used to describe and not make any conclusions it is to start the research with it.
Disadvantages:
 Descriptive research requires more skills.
 Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon
 Response rate is low in this research.
 Results of this research can change over the period of time.

Analytical Research
 The researcher has to use facts or information already available and

analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

Quantitative Research
 Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of any phenomena

via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
 The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models,
theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena
 Quantitative research is generally made using scientific methods, which can include:
 The generation of models, theories and hypotheses
 The development of instruments and methods for measurement
 Experimental control and manipulation of variables
 Collection of empirical data
 Modelling and analysis of data
 Evaluation of results

 Based on the measurement of quantity or amount.

 Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
 It is based on methodological principals of positivism and neo-positivism.
 It adheres to standards of strict research design.
 Statistical analysis is used in it

 Advantages
 Quantitative research allows the researcher to measure and analyse data.
 The researcher is more objective about the findings of the research.
 Quantitative research can be used to test hypotheses in experiments because of its
ability to measure data using statistics.
 Disadvantages
 The main disadvantage of quantitative research is the context of the study or
experiment is ignored.
 Quantitative research does not study things in a natural setting or discuss the meaning
things have for different people.
 A large sample of the population must be studied for more accurate results

Qualitative Research
 Qualitative research is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult

or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings,
attributes, and symbols.
 Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of
human behaviour and the reasons that govern such behaviour.
 The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision
making, not just what, where, when.

 Concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon relating to or

involving quality or kind.
 It is based on methodological principals of phenomenology, symbolic
interactionism, hermeneutics.
 It aims at exploration of social world.
 According to LazarsFeld: following elements are there….exploration,
relationship discovery, establishing construct, testing hypothesis.

Advantages:
 It enables more complex aspects of a persons experience to be studied
 Fewer restriction or assumptions are placed on the data to be collected.
 Not everything can be quantified, or quantified easily, Individuals can be studied in more
depth
 Good for exploratory research and hypothesis generation
 The participants are able to provide data in their own words and in their own way
Disadvantages
 It is more difficult to determine the validity and reliability of linguistic data
 There is more subjectivity involved in analysing the data.
 “Data overload” – open-ended questions can sometimes create lots of data, which can
take along time to analyse!
 Time consuming
Types Of Research
 Conceptual Research: - Related to some abstract ideas or theory. Used

by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or re-interpret
existing ones
 Empirical Research: - Relies on experience or observations alone, often
without due regard for system and theory.

Types Of Research
 Fundamental Research: - Mainly concerned with generalizations and

with the formulation of a theory.
 Analytical Research: - Researcher has to use facts on information already
available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

Research is used as Basis of Knowledge
 Alternative to Research
 Authority
 Tradition
 Common sense
 Media myths
 Personal experience

Alternative to Research
 Authority : When you accept something as true just because someone

in a position of authority says it is true or it is an authoritative
publication, you are using authority as basis of knowledge.
For example: Parents, Teachers, Books.
 Tradition: Tradition is a special case of authority-the authority of the

past. It means you accept something as being true because “it’s the
way things have always been.

Alternative to Research
 Common Sense :
 You rely on what everyone knows and what “just makes sense”.
 It is about ordinary reasoning.
 It can originate from tradition
 Media Myths:
 Media tends to perpetuate the myths of a culture.
 Personal Experience:
 If something happens to you, if you personally experience it or see it, you
accept it as true.

Significance of Research
 Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our
economic system.
 Research has its special significance in solving various operational and
planning problems of business and industry.
 Operations research and market research along with motivational
research are considered crucial and their results assists in taking
business decisions.
 Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social
relationships and in seeking answers to various social problems.
Research Methods Versus Methodology
 Research methods may be understood as all those methods/techniques

that are used conduction of research.
 All those methods which are used by the researcher during the course of
studying his research problems are termed as research methods.
 Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research

problems.

Research Methodology
 A science of studying how research is done scientifically

 A way to systematically solve the research problem by logically
adopting various steps
 Methodology helps to understand not only the products of
scientific inquiry but the process itself
 Aims to describe and analyze methods, throw light on their
limitations and resources, clarify their presuppositions and
consequences, relating their potentialities to the twilight zone at
the ‘frontiers of knowledge’

Benefits of Research Methodology
1. Advancement of wealth of human knowledge

2. ‘Tools of the trade’ to carry out research; Provides tools to look at things in
life objectively
3. Develops a critical and scientific attitude, disciplined thinking or a ‘bent of
mind’ to observe objectively (scientific deduction & inductive thinking); Skills
of research will pay-off in long term particularly in the ‘age of information’
(or too often of misinformation)
4. Enriches practitioner and his practices; Provides chance to study a subject in
depth; Enable us to make intelligent decisions; Understand the material
which no other kind of work can match
5. As consumers of research output helps to inculcate the ability to evaluate
and use results of earlier research with reasonable confidence and take
rational decisions
6. Doing research is the best way to learn to read and think crically
Research and Scientific Method
 The method of all logically trained minds
 The pursuit of truth as determined by logical considerations
 Classifies facts, sees their mutual relation through experimentation, observation,

logical arguments from accepted postulates
 The Scientific method encourages a rigorous,

 method wherein the researcher is guided by rules of logical reasoning ,
 method wherein the investigation proceeds in an orderly manner and
 method that implies internal consistency.
Research and Scientific Method
1. Relies on empirical evidence (empiricism)

2. Utilizes relevant concepts
3. Committed to only objective considerations
4. Presupposes ethical neutrality
5. Results into probabilistic predictions
6. Methodology is made known to all for critical scrutiny and testing through
replication
7. Aims at formulating most general axioms or scientific theories
8. Encourages rigorous, impersonal mode of procedure dictated by the
demands of logic and objective procedure
RESEARCH PROCESS
FF
Review the literature
FF
Review
Concepts
Design
And
Research Collect Interpret
Define theories Formulate Analyse
(Including Data and
Research hypothesis Data
Sample report
Problem
Review Design)
F F
Previous
I Research III IV V
findings VI VII
F Feed Back
II
F FF Feed Forward
RESEARCH PROCESS
 Formulating the research problem
 Extensive literature survey
 Development of working hypothesis
 Preparing the research design
 Determining sample design*
 Collecting the data**
 Execution of the project
 Analysis of the data
 Hypothesis testing
 Generalization and interpretation
 Presentation of the report or presentation of the results.
Determining sample design*
 Simple random sampling

 Stratified sampling
 Systematic sampling
 Deliberate sampling/purposive or non probability sampling /convenience
sampling
 Judgment sampling
 Quota sampling
 Cluster sampling and area sampling
 Multistage sampling
 Sequential sampling
Collecting the data**
By observation
Through personal interview
Through telephonic interviews
By mailing of questionnaires
Through schedules
Components of Research
(layout of report)
1. Preliminary pages –Title and date followed by acknowledgements and
foreword. Then there should be table of contents followed by list of tables
and list of illustrations (if any) , list of figures (if any).
2. Introduction
3. Statement of the Problem
4. Review of Literature
5. Objectives of the Study
6. Hypotheses for the Study
7. Research Design and Methodology
8. Conceptual Framework
9. Report Writing and Implications of the Study
10. Financial Assistance Required
11. Conclusion
12. Select Bibliography
Criteria of a Good Research
 Purpose clearly defined.

 Research process detailed.
 Research design thoroughly planned.
 High ethical standards applied.
 Limitations frankly revealed.
 Adequate analysis for decision maker’s needs.
 Findings presented clearly.
 Conclusions justified.
 Researcher’s experience reflected.
PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH
 Uncontrollable variables
 Human tendencies
 Time and money
 Lack of computerization
 Insufficient interaction between university research
departments and business establishments
 Lack of confidence on the part of business units to give
information

Research Problem
 A research problem in general , refers to some difficulty which a researcher

experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and
wants to obtain a solution for the same.

Components of Research Problem
 There must be an individual or a group which has some difficulty or the problem.
 There must be some objective(s) to be attained at. If one wants nothing, one cannot
have a problem.
 There must be alternative means (or the courses of action) for obtaining the
objective(s) one wishes to attain. This means that there must be at least two means
available to a researcher for if he has no choice of means, he cannot have a problem.
 There must remain some doubt in the mind of a researcher with regard to the
selection of alternatives. This means that research must answer the question
concerning the relative efficiency of the possible alternatives.
 There must be some environment(s) to which the difficulty pertains.
Formulating a Research Problem
 Broadly speaking, any question that you want answered and any assumption or
assertion that you want to challenge or investigate can become a research problem
or a research topic for your study.
 However, it is important to remember that not all questions can be transformed into
research problems and some may prove to be extremely difficult to study.
 According to Powers, Meenaghan and Twoomey , ‘Potential research questions may
occur to us on a regular basis, but the process of formulating them in a meaningful
way is not at all an easy task.’
 As a newcomer it might seem easy to formulate a problem but it requires
considerable knowledge of both the subject area and research methodology.
 Once you examine a question more closely you will soon realise the complexity of
formulating an idea into a problem which is researchable.
The importance of formulating a research problem
 The formulation of a research problem is the first and most important step of the
research process.
 It is like the identification of a destination before undertaking a journey. In the absence of
a destination, it is impossible to identify the shortest – or indeed any – route.
 Similarly, in the absence of a clear research problem, a clear and economical plan is
impossible.
 To use another analogy, a research problem is like the foundation of a building.
 The type and design of the building are dependent upon the foundation.
 If the foundation is well designed and strong you can expect the building to be also.
 The research problem serves as the foundation of a research study: if it is well
formulated, you can expect a good study to follow.
 According to Kerlinger: If one wants to solve a problem, one must generally know what
the problem is.
TECHNIQUE INVOLVED IN DEFINING A PROBLEM
 Defining a research problem properly and clearly is a crucial part of a research

study. However, in practice this a frequently overlooked which causes a lot of
problems later on.
 Hence, the research problem should be defined in a systematic manner, giving
due weightage to all relating points.
 The technique for the purpose involves the undertaking of the following steps
generally one after the other:
(i) statement of the problem in a general way;
(ii) understanding the nature of the problem;
(iii) surveying the available literature
(iv) developing the ideas through discussions; and
(v) rephrasing the research problem into a working proposition.
Statement of the problem in a general way
 First of all the problem should be stated in a broad general way, keeping in view either some practical
concern or some scientific or intellectual interest.
 For this purpose, the researcher must engage himself thoroughly in the subject matter concerning
which he wishes to pose a problem.
 In case of social research, it is considered advisable to do some field observation and as such the
researcher may undertake some sort of preliminary survey or what is often called pilot survey. Then the
researcher can himself state the problem or he can seek the guidance of the guide or the subject
expert in accomplishing this task.
 Often, the guide puts forth the problem in general terms, and it is then up to the researcher to narrow
it down and phrase the problem in operational terms.
 In case there is some directive from an organizational authority, the problem then can be stated
accordingly.
 The problem stated in a broad general way may contain various ambiguities which must be resolved by
cool thinking and rethinking over the problem.
 At the same time the feasibility of a particular solution has to be considered and the same should be
kept in view while stating the problem.
Understanding the nature of the problem
 The next step in defining the problem is to understand its origin and nature clearly.
 The best way of understanding the problem is to discuss it with those who first raised it
in order to find out how the problem originally came about and with what objectives in
view.
 If the researcher has stated the problem himself, he should consider once again all
those points that induced him to make a general statement concerning the problem.
 For a better understanding of the nature of the problem involved, he can enter into
discussion with those who have a good knowledge of the problem concerned or similar
other problems.
 The researcher should also keep in view the environment within which the problem is to
be studied and understood.

Surveying the available literature
 All available literature concerning the problem at hand must necessarily be surveyed and examined before a
definition of the research problem is given.
 This means that the researcher must be well-conversant with relevant theories in the field, reports and records
as also all other relevant literature.
 He must devote sufficient time in reviewing of research already undertaken on related problems. This is done
to find out what data and other materials, if any, are available for operational purposes. “Knowing what data
are available often serves to narrow the problem itself as well as the technique that might be used.”
 This would also help a researcher to know if there are certain gaps in the theories, or whether the existing
theories applicable to the problem under study are inconsistent with each other, or whether the findings of the
different studies do not follow a pattern consistent with the theoretical expectations and so on.
 All this will enable a researcher to take new strides in the field for furtherance of knowledge i.e., he can move
up starting from the existing premise. Studies on related problems are useful for indicating the type of
difficulties that may be encountered in the present study as also the possible analytical shortcomings.
 At times such studies may also suggest useful and even new lines of approach to the present problem.
Literature review
 The literature review is an integral part of the research process and makes a
valuable contribution to almost every operational step.
 It has value even before the first step; that is, when you are merely thinking
about a research question that you may want to find answers to through your
research journey.
 In the initial stages of research it helps you to establish the theoretical roots of
your study, clarify your ideas and develop your research methodology.
 Later in the process, the literature review serves to enhance and consolidate
your own knowledge base and helps you to integrate your findings with the
existing body of knowledge.

Review of Literature
 It provides a theoretical background to your study.

 It helps you establish the links between what you are proposing to examine and
what has already been studied.
 It enables you to show how your findings have contributed to the existing body of
knowledge in your profession.
 It helps you to integrate your research findings into the existing body of knowledge.
 It can bring clarity and focus to your research problem;
 It can improve your research methodology;
 It can broaden your knowledge base in your research area; and
 It can contextualise your findings.

How to review the literature
 If you do not have a specific research problem, you should review the literature in your
broad area of interest with the aim of gradually narrowing it down to what you want to
find out about.
 After that the literature review should be focused around your research problem.
 There is a danger in reviewing the literature without having a reasonably specific idea of
what you want to study.
 It can condition your thinking about your study and the methodology you might use,
resulting in a less innovative choice of research problem and methodology than
otherwise would have been the case.
 Hence, you should try broadly to conceptualize your research problem before
undertaking your major literature review.

Developing the ideas through discussions
 Discussion concerning a problem often produces useful information.

 Various new ideas can be developed through such an exercise.
 Hence, a researcher must discuss his problem with his colleagues and others who have
enough experience in the same area or in working on similar problems. This is quite
often known as an experience survey.
 People with rich experience are in a position to enlighten the researcher on different
aspects of his proposed study and their advice and comments are usually invaluable to
the researcher. They help him sharpen his focus of attention on specific aspects within
the field.
 Discussions with such persons should not only be confined to the formulation of the
specific problem at hand, but should also be concerned with the general approach to
the given problem, techniques that might be used, possible solutions, etc.

Rephrasing the research problem
 Finally, the researcher must sit to rephrase the research problem into a working
proposition.
 Once the nature of the problem has been clearly understood, the environment
(within which the problem has got to be studied) has been defined, discussions
over the problem have taken place and the available literature has been
surveyed and examined, rephrasing the problem into analytical or operational
terms is not a difficult task.
 Through rephrasing, the researcher puts the research problem in as specific
terms as possible so that it may become operationally viable and may help in the
development of working hypotheses.*
The following points must also be observed while
defining a research problem:
 Technical terms and words or phrases, with special meanings used in the
statement of the problem, should be clearly defined.
 Basic assumptions or postulates (if any) relating to the research problem should
be clearly stated.
 A straight forward statement of the value of the investigation (i.e., the criteria
for the selection of the problem) should be provided.
 The suitability of the time-period and the sources of data available must also be
considered by the researcher in defining the problem.
 The scope of the investigation or the limits within which the problem is to be
studied must be mentioned explicitly in defining a research problem.
AN ILLUSTRATION
 Let us suppose that a research problem in a broad general way is as follows:

“Why is productivity in Japan so much higher than in India”?
 Ambiguities: What sort of productivity is being referred to?

With what industries the same is related?
With what period of time the productivity is being talked about?
In view of all such ambiguities the given statement or the question is much too general to be amenable to analysis.
Rethinking and discussions about the problem may result in narrowing down the question to:
“What factors were responsible for the higher labour productivity of Japan’s manufacturing industries during the decade 1971 to 1980
relative to India’s manufacturing industries?”
 This latter version of the problem is definitely an improvement over its earlier version for the various ambiguities have been removed to the extent
possible.
 Further rethinking and rephrasing might place the problem on a still better operational basis as shown below:
 “To what extent did labour productivity in 1971 to 1980 in Japan exceed that of India in respect of 15 selected manufacturing industries?
 What factors were responsible for the productivity differentials between the two countries by industries?”
CONCLUSION
 Task of defining a research problem, very often, follows a sequential pattern—

 the problem is stated in a general way,
 the ambiguities are resolved,
 thinking and rethinking process results in a more specific formulation of the problem so that it
may be a realistic one in terms of the available data and resources and is also analytically
meaningful.
 All this results in a well defined research problem that is not only meaningful
from an operational point of view, but is equally capable of paving the way for
the development of working hypotheses and for means of solving the problem
itself.

Chapter 1

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chapter 1

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

RESEARCH

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 1

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 2 April 1, 2019

 Re means once more, afresh, anew OR back, with return to a previous

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 3 April 1, 2019

Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS.

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 4 April 1, 2019

 According to Clifford Woody, research comprises defining and redefining

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 5 April 1, 2019

1. The search for knowledge through objective and systematic methods

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 6 April 1, 2019

 Defining and redefining the problems

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 7 April 1, 2019

 Desire to get research degree

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 8 April 1, 2019

 Business Research may be defined as the “systematic and objective

 Systematic and Objectivity are its distinguishing features of Business

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 9 April 1, 2019

 Typically, business research methods are used in situations of

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 10 April 1, 2019

 Businesses and Corporations

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 12 April 1, 2019

General Business Conditions and Corporate Research

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 13 April 1, 2019

Management and Organizational Behaviour Research

 Forecasts of financial interest rate trends,

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 15 April 1, 2019

 Knowledge and information needs assessment

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 17 April 1, 2019

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 18 April 1, 2019

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 19 April 1, 2019

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 20 April 1, 2019

 Purpose of gaining knowledge

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 21 April 1, 2019

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 22 April 1, 2019

 Means description of the state of affairs as it exists at present.

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 23 April 1, 2019

 Descriptive research, also known as statistical research.

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 24 April 1, 2019

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 25 April 1, 2019

 The researcher has to use facts or information already available and

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 26 April 1, 2019

 Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of any phenomena

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 27 April 1, 2019

 Based on the measurement of quantity or amount.

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 28 April 1, 2019

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 29 April 1, 2019

 Qualitative research is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 30 April 1, 2019

 Concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomenon relating to or

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 31 April 1, 2019

 Conceptual Research: - Related to some abstract ideas or theory. Used

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 33 April 1, 2019

 Fundamental Research: - Mainly concerned with generalizations and

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 34 April 1, 2019

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 35 April 1, 2019

 Authority : When you accept something as true just because someone

 Tradition: Tradition is a special case of authority-the authority of the

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 36 April 1, 2019

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 37 April 1, 2019

 Research methods may be understood as all those methods/techniques

 Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research

Research Methodology by Dr.Suresh B. Pathare 39 April 1, 2019

 A science of studying how research is done scientifically