Grammar for Expressing

Processes : Action Verbs, Saying Verbs,

Sensing Verbs, Relating Verbs, Existing Verbs

Khairunnisa
1802533
GRAMMAR

• Grammar can be defined as the way of describing how a

language works to make meaning
A MULTI-PURPOSE
GRAMMAR
• To do with meaning, it focuses on how linguistic choices create
certain meanings so it will lead to extend and interpret
meanings.
• To do with form, it deals with how various grammatical
features are structured.
MEANING AND FORM
• What range of meanings do verbs express?
• How can my choice of nouns affect the meaning of the text?
• How can I use certain types of adjectives to express my
opinion about something?
• Which grammatical features are involved in skills such as
classifying, defining, describing, generalising, and
exemplifying?
• Which linguistic features can help me produce a text that is
coherent and cohesive?
• How do grammatical patterns change from text to text? Why
and with what effect?
• How does the context affect the kinds of grammatical choices
made?
LANGUAGE FOR EXPRESSING
IDEAS
• To represent experience, to express and to understand what
goes in life
• In the academic context, it includes using and understanding
the language of the different areas of the curriculum
Grammar for Expressing Processes

We can express different aspects of our experience, which are;

• What we do (action verbs),
• What we say (saying verbs),
• What we think, feel and perceive (sensing verbs),
• How we create links between bits of information (relating
verbs),
• How we refer to things that simply ‘exist’ (existing verbs).
ACTION VERBS
• Expressing the notion that some entity ‘does’ something
Younger learners
On Tuesday, I visited a farm in Lembang. I
tried to milk the cow, but her tail swished in
my face. I stroked a chicken and patted a
horse. Then, I clambered onto the car and
trundled off home.
Older Learners
• In the nineteenth century, many European countries
established colonies in South-East Asia. France expanded its
colonial empire to Indochina. In WWII, however, the French
was defeated by Germany in France while the French colonies
were invaded by Germany’s ally the Japanese.
Professional Writers
Rikki-tikki was bounding all round Nagaina,
keeping just out of reach of her stroke, his
little eyes like hot coals. Nagaina gathered
herself together, and flung out at him. Rikki-
tikki jumped up and backward. Again and
again and again she struck, and each time her
head came with a whack on the matting of
the verandah, and she gathered herself
together like a watch-spring.
• How to apply sunscreen—in eight easy steps
• 1. Lay it on thick.
• 2. Dot sunscreen directly onto your face.
• 3. Put sunscreen on first, then your moisturizer.
• 4. Use sunscreen daily.
• 5. Apply sunscreen before you go into the sun.
• 6. Use zinc oxide if you need immediate sun protection.
• 7. Reapply sunscreen every 90 minutes.
• 8. Touch up with mineral makeup.
SAYING VERBS
It includes all modes of expressing and indicating, even if they
need not be verbal, such as "showing".

Ask Deny Plead Respond Stammer

Claim Explain Promise Say Suggest

Continue Imply Reply Scream Tell

Cry Murmur Report Shout Whisper

Determining saying verbs
• Followed by ‘that’, whether’ or ‘what’
• the verb can take a ‘receiver’
• depend on the context
THE FUNCTION OF SAYING VERBS IN A
TEXT
• Giving insight to the reader about the characters

“Make it move,” he whined at his father. Uncle Vernon

tapped on the glass but the snake didn’t budge.
“Do it again,” Dudley ordered. Uncle Vernon rapped
the glass smartly with his knuckles, but the snake just
snoozed on.
“This is boring,” Dudley moaned. He shuffled away.
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, J.K. Rowling
SENSING VERBS
THINK, FEEL, DESIRE AND PERCEIVE
Thinking Feeling and wanting Perceiving
Know Decide Like See
Reflect Consider Hate Taste
Comprehend Recall Dislike Hear
Believe Hypothesise Want Smell
Imagine Wonder Wish Observe
Forget Understand Need Notice
Remember Assume Fear Sense
Recollect Recognise Enjoy
Realise Infer
SENSING VERBS
• a sensing verb will usually take a simple tense such as
“She forgot …,”
“She realized….”
Instead of progressive “She was forgetting…”
RELATING VERBS
RELATING VERBS
• to link two pieces of information

Being Having
Am, is, are Represent Have, has, had
Was, were Remain Own
Mean Is called Possess
Become Equal Include
Turn into Symbolize Comprise
Seem Lack
Appear Encompass
 EXAMPLES
Thing being described Relating verb Description
The girls become close friends
The sky grew darker

Thing being identified Relating verb Identifier

A solid refers to a figure having three

dimension
The land is symbolized by the colour red

A bat is the only mammal that can fly

The only mammal that can fly is a bat
EXISTING VERBS
• There is no action or relationship being described which is
called existing verb.

“There was an old house on the hill”

“There are no decent shows on television.”
Note

ACTION VERBS SENSING VERBS RELATING VERBS

Look at See Look

Feel Feel Feel

Listen to Hear Sound