TYPES OF BOLTS

UNFINISHED BOLTS
 Unfinished bolts are also called ordinary, common, rough or black bolts.
There are used for light structures (purlins, bracings, etc.) under static loads.
They are not recommended for connections subjected to impact load,
vibrations and fatigue. Bolts are forged from low carbon rolled steel circular
rods, permitting large tolerances.
 Ordinary structural bolts are made from mild steel with square or
hexagonal head. Square heads cost less but hexagonal heads give a
better appearance, are easier to hold by wrenches and require less turning
space. The bolt hole is punched about 1.6mm more than the bolt diameter.
The nuts on bolts are tightened with spud wrenches, producing little tension.
Therefore, no clamping force is induced on the sections jointed. Sometimes
a hole is drilled in the bolt and a cotter pin with a castellated nut is used to
prevent the nut from turning on the bolt. The connections with unfinished
bolts are designed in a similar way as all the riveted connections except
that the permissible stresses are reduced to account for tolerances provide
on shank and threaded portion of the bolts.
 TURNED BOLTS
 These are similar to unfinished bolts, with the differences that the shank of
these bolts is formed from a hexagonal rod. The surfaces of the bolts are
prepared carefully and are machined to fit in the hole. Tolerances allowed
are very small. These bolts have high shear and bearing resistance as
compared to unfinished bolts. However, these bolts are obsolete
nowadays. The specifications for turned bolts are given in I.S:2591-1969.
 HIGH STRENGTH BOLT
 These bolts are called friction grip bolts. These are made from bars of
medium carbon steel. Their high strength is achieved through quenching
and tempering processes or by alloying steel. Steel washers of hard steel or
carburized steel are provided, to evenly distribute the clamping pressure on
the bolted member and to prevent the threaded portion of the bolt from
bearing on the connecting pieces. If the bolts are tightened by the turn of
nut method, the nut is made snug and is tightened a half turn more by hand
wrenches, then the washers are not required. The vibrations and impact
resistance of the joint is also improved. The nut and head of the bolts are
kept sufficiently large to provide an adequate bearing area. The
specifications for high strength bolts are laid in I.S:3757-1972 and I.S: 4000-
1967. These bolts have a tensile strength several times that of the ordinary
bolts. High strength bolts have replaced rivets and are being used in
structures, such as high rise buildings, bridges, machines etc. Due to their
distinct advantages and vital use, high strength bolts are discussed below
in some detail.