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START AC GENERATION

AC POWER GENERATION 6.5

INTRODUCTION
AC FUNDEMENTAL AND
TERMINOLOGY
• Cycle and Frequency
• Instantaneous and Amplitude Values
• Phasing
• Type of Connection
• Power Factor
• Types of Generators
Cycle and Frequency
• The voltage and current produced by the generator of an a.c.
system are conform to sine wave form and is called a cycle
• Number of cycles in one second) is called the frequency. The units
of frequency is the Hertz (Hz).
• The frequency (f) is proportional to
The speed of rotor
• The number of poles. Two poles of a rotor must
pass a given point on the stator every cycle
therefore:

Frequency (c.p.s) rpm x pairs of poles/ 60 = f = 1/t



e.g., A 6-pole generator operating at 8000 rpm.
Therefore Frequency = 8000 x 3 / 60 = 400 cps.,
or 400 Hz.

• Generally aircraft constant frequency systems is 400


Hz has been adopted as the standard.
INSTANTANEOUS AND AMPLITUDE VALUE

• Actual value of an alternating


quantity may be anything from
zero to a maximum either way
such a value is called an
Instantaneous Value.

• The Amplitude or Peak Value is


the maximum instantaneous
value of an alternating quantity in
the positive and negative
directions.
This can be express as
• E inst = E max sin θ
the instantaneous value of
current is:

I inst = I max sin θ


RMS VALUE(ROOT MEAN SQUARE)

RMS is value of AC current which relates to an


equivalent value of DC current
Example an electric heater is operating with 5
amperes of DC. Current giving out a certain
amount of heat. We want to know the value
of A.C which will produce the same amount of
heat. Such a value is given by the Root Mean
Square (rms) value of an AC current.
• AC sinusoidal waveform,
RMS value = AC value peak value × 0.707.
Peak to peak value = RMS X 1.414
Example

100 VAC X 0.707 = 70.7 volts


RMS =70.7 volts DC
RMS is same as DC level
effected in circuit.
Phasing and Phase Relationship
• The term “phase” is used to indicate the number of AC
being produced simultaneously by the same circuit
• Aircrafts circuits are normally 3-phase, the three
currents differing in phase from each other by 120
electrical degrees.
• The current and voltage in an a.c. circuit have the same
frequency, and the wave form of the alternating
quantities is similar, if the voltage is sinusoidal the
current is also sinusoidal
• A 3-phase circuit is one in which three coils so spaced
within the stator, that the three voltages generated are
equal but reach their amplitude values at different times.

CIVIL
Interconnection of Phases
• There are two method used in generation
phase connection :

• Star Connection
• Delta Connection

• The coils are connected 120 degree apart


TYPE OF CONNECTION OF A THREE
PHASE GENERATOR

DELTA CONNECTION STAR CONNECTION


DELTA CONNECTION
• A Delta system is a
three wire system, one
wire coming from each
of the armature winding
interconnection points.
• A delta connected
system has no neutral
line
• Generally used on small
generators with fixed,
balanced loads.
STAR CONNECTION
• Although a star connected system
have four wires system, if the
loads are balanced, the neutral
line is not be connected. It
carries out of balance currents.
• The neutral, in a star is not earth
but a line earth or signal neutral.
That carries line current flowing
in the neutral line.
• The voltage from the neutral line,
or star point, to the other end of
each phase winding is called the
phase voltage,
• The voltage from one phase to
another is called the line voltage.
• In a star connected system:
• VLINE = √3 x VPHASE or VLINE = 173 x VPHASE
and I LINE = I PHASE
• The frequency = the frequency of a single phase.
• In aircraft a.c. systems, the phase voltage is 115V
and the line voltage is 200V.
• Frequency is kept constant at 400 Hz.
• With a star connected a.c. power system, two
possible systems are available:
• Three single phase systems each operating at the
Phase voltage
• A single three phase system operating at Line
Voltage
Generator Power Rate
• The power ratings of a.c. generators are generally
given in kilovolt-ampere (kVA) rather than kilowatts
(kW) . The power rate takes account difference
between the true power or effective power, and the
apparent power.
• The power factor (P.F.).
P.F. = Effective Power (kW) / Apparent Power (kVA)
• POWER FACTOR = 32 / 40 = 0.8
• Information given on the generator data plate.
the output rating may be specified as
apparent 40 kVA at 0.8 Power Factor This
means that the maximum output EFFECTIVE
POWER in kW is
• 0.8 x 40 = 32 kW,
• but the product of volts and amperes under all
conditions of P.F. must not exceed 40 kVA.
Constant Speed Drive Unit (CSD)
• PURPOSE
• To provide a constant frequency as engine
speed varies, and to maintain a uniform
frequency between multiple generators
connected CSD.
• Principle Operation
• Although CSD’s come in a variety of shapes
and sizes, their principle of operation is
essentially the same.

• The drive units of an engine-driven vary
• Displacement hydraulic pump that supplies
fluid to axial-piston hydraulic motor.
• The displacement of the pump is controlled by
a governor that senses the rotational speed of
the a.c. generator.
• The governor maintain output speed of the
generator constant and maintains the a.c.
frequency of 400 Hz,
• Modern jet turbin aircraft is fitted with an
a.c. generator called an Integrated Drive
Generator (IDG).
• IDG is a high output generator that uses
brushes and slip rings to carry DC exciter
current to the rotating field.
• An IDG comprises both the constant speed
drive unit and a generator sealed in the same
housing.
• If a problem occurs with an IDG, it is usually
not field repairable and is simply removed and
replaced with a new and serviceable unit.

• When a CSD or IDG malfunctions, they can be


automatically or manually disconnected in-
flight by auto disengage unit or manually cct
breaker
• Once disconnected, they can be back on-line
by personnel on ground.
• Integrated Drive Generator
• Control Unit
• Current Transformer
Field Excitation Generator
• Generally any type of generator requires a magnetic
field to provide excitation of the windings for starting
operational running period.
• In d.c. generators, operation is control by the build up
of current through the field windings, The field current
is controlled by a voltage regulator system.
• The excitation of a.c. generators, differerent
arrangements to suit the respective type of generator
and controlling system.
• Common feature, It uses direct current to the field
windings to maintain the desired a.c. output.
Constant Frequency Generator
• These type of generator used the vary
frequency to maintain the AC output by
employing

• Two Shunt Field Winding


• Stabilizing Winding
• Permanent Magnet for initial excitation
Construction
• A thermistor device is provided for temperature compensation when the
generator is operation or ambient temperature change.
• At low temperature the resistance of the thermistor is high about 120 kΩ
blocking the current flow to the winding circuit
• As temperature increase the thermistor resistance will decrease , current
will flow to all the winding equally.
• The stabilizing winding is wound directly over the shunt field windings,
• the permanent magnet poles act as common magnetic core,
• Causing transformer coupling between the two windings
• The rectifier assembly consists of six silicon diodes connected as a 3-phase
full wave bridge.
• When the generator starts running,
• the flux from the permanent magnets of the a.c. exciter provides the
initial flow of current in its rotor windings.
• As a result of the initial current flow, armature reaction is set up and
owing to the position of the permanent magnetic poles, the reaction
polarizes the main poles of the exciter stator in the proper direction to
assist the voltage regulator in taking over the excitation control.
• The 3-phase voltage produced in the windings is supplied to the rectifier
assembly, the d.c.
• This is output voltage fed to the field coils of the main generator rotor as
the excitation current.
• A rotating magnetic field is produced and induces a 3-phase voltage
output in the main stator windings.
• The output is tapped and fed back to the shunt field windings of the
exciter, via the voltage regulator system, as a supplementary to that of the
permanent magnets. The exciter output is increased
• The main generator build up its output at a faster rate.
• When the main output reaches the rated value
• The supplementary electromagnetic field controls the excitation causing
the permanent magnets to decrease and eliminated by opposing
armature reaction.
• During the initial stages of generator operation,
• The current flow to the exciter only passes
through one of the two shunt field windings,
due temperature/resistance of the thermistor.
• As the temperature of the winding increases,
the thermistor resistance decreases to allow
approximately equal current to flow in both
winding, maintaining a constant effect of the
shunt windings.
• If the excitation current increase or decrease
because of voltage fluctuations. for example, a
current will be induced in the stabilized
winding , since it acts as a transformer
secondary winding.
• This current is fed into the voltage regulator as
a feedback signal to adjust the exciter current
due to the voltage fluctuations and hold to a
minimum.

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