Organic Compounds

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

•are a large & diverse family of

chemicals that contain carbon and
hydrogen
•Have a high vapor pressure & easily
form vapors at normal temperature
& pressure
What are ORGANIC COMPOUNDS?
Organic Compounds: Compounds that contain
carbon and make up living organisms

Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Organic Compounds
•Contain the element carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen.

•Carbon is found in things that are or

once were living.

•Carbon atoms share electrons to form

covalent bonds.
Organic Compounds
•Organic compounds are composed of
hundreds to thousands of individual
molecules.
•The single molecules in a polymer are
called monomers.
 Organic Compounds

•The long molecules formed by

repeating patterns of monomers are
called polymers.
Molecular Decompose on heating
Low melting points Poor conductors of heat &
Low boiling points electricity
Low Hf Nonpolar (vdw forces)
Low Hv Dissolve in nonpolar
solvents
High evaporation rate
React slowly
High vapor pressure
Solids may be soft or brittle
May be gases, liquids, or
solids

Properties of hydrocarbon molecules

Why is carbon the backbone of
life?

Why is it special?
1. Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer
shell. To satisfy the octet rule, it
needs to share 4 other electrons.
2. This means that each carbon atom
forms 4 bonds
Organic compounds may be
NATURAL or SYNTHETIC
What are the different types of Carbon Molecules?
Three Types Of Carbon Molecules

1. Straight Chain:

2. Ring:

3. Branched Chain:
 How do we classify ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS?
are classified by
FUNCTIONAL GROUP

a structural unit in a molecule

responsible for its characteristic
chemical behavior and its
spectroscopic characteristics
 Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
• Contains only two elements (carbon &
hydrogen)

• Simplest class of organic compounds

• Formed by bonds depending on the
arrangement of its valence electrons
(hybridization)
Aliphatic vs Aromatic
•Aliphatic hydrocarbons are the organic
molecules containing Carbon (C) and
Hydrogen (H) atoms in their structure; in
straight chains, branched chains
•Aromatic hydrocarbons are sometimes
known as “arenes” or “aryl hydrocarbons”,
contain a benzene ring in their structure
 octane

5-ethyl-3-methyloctane
 as HYDROCARBONS
• Alkane
• Alkene
• Alkyne
• Cycloalkane
• Aromatic hydrocarbon
• Alkyl halide
a
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h
a
t
i
c
a
r
o
m
a
t
i
c
as compounds containing OXYGEN
• Alcohol
• Ether
• Aldehyde
• Ketone
• Carboxylic acid
• Ester
as compounds containing
NITROGEN
• Amine
• Amide
What are FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS?
Functional groups are specific
groups of atoms within
molecules that have very
characteristic properties
regardless of the other atoms
present in a molecule.
responsible for the
characteristic chemical reactions of
those molecules. ...

Note:
The atoms of functional groups are linked
to each other and to the rest of the
molecule by covalent bonds.
How (where) can we use
these organic compounds?
Applications of Organic Chemistry
• Medicine ( antibiotics, anticancer
drugs, painkillers, anti-depressant,
anaesthetics etc.)
• Drugs to cure, diagnose & study
disease
• Food
• Cleansing agents
• Sterilizing agents
• Analytic substance
• Valuables
Steps in WRITING &
NAMING ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Ways of Expressing Organic
Compounds
• Molecular Formula
[C8H18]
• Condensed Structural Formula
[CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3]
• Line Bond Structural Formula

• Skeletal Formula
IUPAC Rules for Naming Hydrocarbons

1. Choose the correct ending:

“-ane”, “-ene”, or “–yne”

2. Determine the longest carbon chain.

Where a double or triple bond is present, choose the

longest chain that includes this bond. If there is a
cyclic structure present, the longest chain starts and
stops within the cyclic structure.
3. Assign numbers to each C of the parent chain.

For alkenes and alkynes the first carbon of the multiple

bond should have the smallest number. For alkanes the
first branch (or first point of difference) should have the
lowest #. Carbons in a multiple bond must be numbered
consecutively.

4. Attach a prefix that corresponds to the number of

carbons in the parent chain.

Add cyclo- to the prefix if it is a cyclic structure.

5. Determine the correct name for each branch
(“alkyl” groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.)

6. Attach the name of the branches alphabetically,)

along with their carbon position, to the front of the
parent chain name. Separate numbers from letters
with hyphens (e.g. 4-ethyl-2-methyldecane)
7. When two or more branches are identical, use
prefixes (di-, tri-, etc.) (e.g. 2,4-dimethylhexane).

Numbers are separated with commas. Prefixes are

ignored when determining alphabetical order. (e.g.
2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptane)

8. When identical groups are on the same carbon,

repeat the number of this carbon in the name. (e.g.
2,2-dimethylhexane)
Naming Side Chains

CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH3

CH3
Rule 1: choose the correct ending
ene
Naming Side Chains

CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH3

CH3

Rule 2: determine the longest carbon chain

ene
Naming Side Chains

CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH3

CH3

Rule 3: Assign numbers to each carbon

ene
Naming Side Chains

CH2 CH2 CH3

1 5 6
CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH3
2 3 4
CH3

Rule 3: Assign numbers to each carbon

ene
Naming Side Chains

CH2 CH2 CH3

1 5 6
CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH3
2 3 4
CH3

Rule 4: attach prefix (according to # of Cs)

1-hexene
ene
Naming Side Chains

CH2 CH2 CH3

ethyl 1 5 6
CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH3
2 3 4 methyl
CH3
methyl
Rule 5: Determine name for side chains
1-hexene
 Naming Side Chains

CH2 CH2 CH3

ethyl 1 5 6
CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH3
2 3 4 methyl
CH3
methyl
Rule 6: attach name of branches alphabetically
2-ethyl-4-methyl-4-methyl-1-hexene
1-hexene
Naming Side Chains

CH2 CH2 CH3

ethyl 1 5 6
CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH3
2 3 4 methyl
CH3
methyl
Rule 7,8: group similar branches
2-ethyl-4-methyl-4-methyl-1-hexene
1-hexene
Naming Side Chains

CH2 CH2 CH3

ethyl 1 5 6
CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH3
2 3 4 methyl
CH3
methyl
Rule 7,8: group similar branches
2-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-1-hexene
CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH3
propene CH3 CH CH C CH3

CH3 CH CH CH3
2,4-dimethyl-2-pentene
2-butene

CH C CH2 CH3
1-butyne
 CH3 CH3
CH2 CH C CH2 CH3 CH3 C CH CH2
CH3 CH2 CH3
a) 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentene b) same

CH3 CH3

CH3 C C CH CH CH2

CH2 CH3
c) 5-ethyl-4-methyl-2-heptyne
Counting the carbon atoms
no of
code
carbons
meth 1
eth 2
prop 3
but 4
pent 5
hex 6
Types of carbon-carbon bonds

code means

an only carbon-carbon single bonds

contains a carbon-carbon double

en
bond
#1. CHECK how many Carbon atoms are
in the chain
#2. REFER at the table to determine what
its name is.
#3. INSPECT if it has a double
bond. REPLACE the -ane with an -ene.
For example this would be Ethene
#4. Examine the Haloalkane!
(halo- HALOGEN)
#5. COUNT the Number of CARBONS,
starting from the Halogen (or functional
group).
#6. NAME the COMPOUND !
#7. CHECK on the PRESENCE of
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS!
#8. NAME IT ! To name it, make sure to
count from the side that gives it the
smallest number. (In this case it can only be 2)
2 – Methyl Propane
TRY THIS
#9a. TWO HALOGENS into a
HYDROCARBON!
(COUNT OUT on which number carbon the HALOGENS
are attached to, remembering to keep the lowest numbered
carbons)
#9b. TWO HALOGENS into a
HYDROCARBON!
(Get the Halogens in ALPHABETICAL ORDER.
Example: Bromo comes before Chloro. Use this
information here is for the name of this molecule.)
TRY THIS !
 How to deal with
ALKANES?
A. FIND THE PARENT HYDROCARBON
Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.
If two different chains of equal length are present,
choose the larger of branch points as the parent.
B. NUMBER THE ATOMS IN THE MAIN CHAIN
Beginning at the end nearer the first branch point,
number each carbon atom in the parent chain.
If there is branching and equal distance away from both
ends of the parent chain, begin numbering at the end
nearer the second branch point .
C. IDENTIFY AND NUMBER THE SUBSTITUENTS.
Assign a number to each substitute according to its point of
attachment to the parent chain.
If there are two substituents on the same carbon, give them
both the same number. There must be as many numbers in the
name as there are substituents .
D. WRITE THE NAME AS A SINGLE WORD
Use Hyphens to separate the different prefixes, and commas to
separate numbers. Cite them in alphabetical order if two or
more substituents are present.
If two or more identical substituents are present use one of the
multiplier prefixes DI-,TRI-, TETRA-, and so forth.
E. NAME A COMPLEX SUBSTITUENT AS THOUGH IT WERE
ITSELF A COMPOUND
First name the complex substituent. Begin numbering the
complex substituent at the point of attachment to the main chain,
and identify it as a 2 methylpropyl group.
 Practice Exercise 1

 Get your show board

 Use your guide (index card)
2 – methyl propane

2 – methyl butane

4 – ethyl heptane
3-ethyl-4-methyl heptane

5-ethyl-3-methyl octane
Answer the following:

A. GIVE THE NAME OF THE FF.:

Answer the following:

B. DRAW THE STRUCTURAL

FORMULA OF THE FF.:
1. 4 – ethyl octane
2. 2 – methyl nonane
3. 2 – methyl – 2 – ethyl butane
4. 3 – ethyl pentane
5. 2 – methyl – 3 – ethyl pentane
How to deal with
ALKENES?
A. Name the parent hydrocarbon by locating the
longest carbon chain that contains the double bond
and name it according to the number of carbons with
the suffix -ene.
When there is more than one multiple bond, use numerical
prefixes (diene, diyne, triene, etc.)

B. Number the Carbon Atoms in the main chain. Begin

at the end nearer the multiple bond. If the multiple bond is
at the same distance from both ends, begin numbering at
the end nearer the first branch point.
C. Write the full name
Assign numbers to the branching substituents,
and list the substituents alphabetically. Indicate
the position of the multiple bond(s) in the chain
by giving the number of the first multiple -
bonded carbon. If more than one multiple bond
is present, identify the position of each multiple
bond and use the appropriate ending diene,
triene, tetraene, and so forth.
 Practice Exercise 2

 Get your show board

 Use your guide (index card)
Answer the following:
A. GIVE THE NAME OF THE FF.:
B. DRAW THE STRUCTURAL
FORMULA OF THE FF.:
1. 2-ethyl-1-pentene
2. 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene
3. 2,3,4 – trimethyl-1-hexene