Dr Hazwanie Hashim

hazwaniehashim@imu.edu.my
What is Protein?
• Proteins are large, complex molecules that
made up of amino acids – serve diverse
functional and structural roles within cells.
Proteins are made from small building blocks of amino acid…..

How do Amino Acids become Protein?

 Kulsoom
Proteins are Composed :
of 20 Amino Acids
Essential amino acids Non-Essential amino acids
1. Arginine (partially essential) 1. Alanine
2. Histidine 2. Aspartic acid
3. Isoleucine 3. Asparagine
4. Leucine 4. Cysteine
5. Lysine 5. Glutamic acid
6. Methinine 6. Glutamine
7. Phenylalanine 7. Glycine
8. Threonine 8. Proline
9. Tryptophan 9. Serine
10. Valine 10. Tyrosine
 Level of Protein Structure
Primary
structure

Amino acid

Alpha helix

Secondary
structure Pleated sheet

Tertiary
structure

Quaternary
structure
Heamoglobin Molecule

Sylvia and Mader, Inquiry into Life, 8th Edition. The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
Amino Acid Structure
Peptides

A peptide Bond Joins Two Amino Acids Together

Function of protein
• Proteins, like many everyday objects, are shaped
to get their job done.
Structural proteins
• Provide structural support to cell and tissues.
▫ Examples include keratin, collagen, and elastin.
• Very specific shapes—long, thin fibers or other shapes
in order to form polymers, provide strength and
support.
• Less active- Not involved in any of chemical reactions.

Collagen gains its strength from

its three-stranded, rope-like
structure.
 Structure of collagen

Amino acid Single polypeptide chain

Three polypeptide chains

called a triple helix

Microfibrils

Fibrils
Transport proteins
• Control the small molecules across the
membranes
• Examples:
▫ heamoglobin (Carries oxygen in blood)
▫ serum albumin (Carries fatty acids in blood)
 Storage proteins
• Store amino acids and metal ions needed in the
body.
• Ferritin
• stores iron and controls the
amount of iron present in the
human body.

• Casein (found in milk)

• Provides certain amino acids,
carbohydrates, calcium, and
phosphorous which is essential for
growth and development of most
mammalian infants.
All nutrients stored in milk
proteins are being passed
from this mother to her
offspring
Contractile proteins
• Involved in muscle contraction and movement.
• Muscle is composed of 2 contractile proteins:
▫ Thin filaments: Actin
▫ Thick filaments: Myosin
• Location in body:
▫ Contracting fibers in muscle.
How do muscle contracts?
Relaxed state:
“Sliding filament"

During muscle contraction:

- changes in banding pattern
- due to sliding motion
- between thick + thin filaments.

Mechanism of muscle contraction:

a) Z lines move closer together
b) I band becomes shorter
Contracted state:
c) A band stays at the same length
Antibodies
• Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles
(viruses and bacteria) to help protect the body.
• Antibodies are created by white blood cells = B cells.

Immunoglobulin G
Hormonal proteins
What does insulin do?
• Hormone proteins co-
ordinate bodily functions.

• Hormones are released:

▫ In response to an alteration
in the cellular environment
▫ To maintain a regulated
level of certain substances
or other hormones

• Insulin
controls our blood sugar
concentration by regulating
the uptake of glucose into
cells.