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State Response
Week 6 Session 1
Introduction
• Time response of control system consist of
transient response and steady state response
• Transient response: the response from initial
state to the final state
• Steady-state response: the response of the
system as the time approaches infinity
Roadmap of Control System
Modeling Analysis Design
A t0 A
(t )
0 t0
0 t
characteristic of actual
A
input signal.
A t0 t
u( t ) 0
0 t0
r(t)
At t0
r(t )
0 t0 ramp signal with slope A
At 2
t0
p(t ) 2
0 t0 t
0
• Impulse
A t0
(t )
0 t0
L{ (t )} ( s) A
• Step
A t0
u( t )
0 t0
A
L{u(t )} U ( s )
S
Laplace Transform of Test Signals
• Ramp At t0
r(t )
0 t0
A
L{ r(t )} R( s )
s2
• Parabolic At 2
t0
p(t ) 2
0 t0
2A
L{ p(t )} P( s )
S3
Time Response of Control Systems
• Time response of a dynamic system is response to an input
expressed as a function of time.
System
Step Input
5
3
response is called steady
state response. 2
Transient Response
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (sec)
Time Response of Control Systems
• Transient response dependents upon the system poles only and
not on the type of input.
Unit-step response:
1 K
C ( s )
s s 1
A B
s s 1
B
c(t ) A e t
First-Order System
Transient Response: Gradual change of output from
initial to the desired condition.
K : Gain
: Time constant
s
1
r (t ) t1(t ), R( s ) 2 , cramp (t ) t T Te t T 1(t )
s
Compare steady-state part to input function, transient part to TF.
Second-Order System
Second-order system standard form
C (s) n2
G (s) 2
R( s ) s 2n s n2
Dynamic behavior of the second order system can be described
in terms of two parameters ζ and ωn
Over damped
•(two real distinct roots = two 1st order systems with real poles)
•ζ>1
Critically damped
•(a single pole of multiplicity two, highly unlikely, requires exact matching)
•ζ=1
Underdamped
•(complex conjugate pair of poles, oscillatory behavior, most common)
•0<ζ<1