WATER RESOURCES

PREFINALS
 Water

• is a marvelous substance – flowing, swirling, seeping,

constantly moving from sea to land and back again.
 Hydrologic cycle

• is a process where water evaporates from moist

surfaces, falls as rain snow, passes through living
organism and returns to the ocean.
 Residence time

• the length of time water typically stays in a

compartment
• Zone of Aeration – it is when plants get moisture
from a relatively shallow layer of soil containing both
air and water.
• Zone of Saturation – the lower soil layers, where all
soil pores are filled with water, the source of water in
most wells; top of this zone id the water table.
 Aquifers

• is a geologic layers
that contain water.
It may consist of
porous layers of
sand or gravel.
Zone of aeration and saturation
 Discharge

• – the volume of water carried by a river or the

amount of water that passes a fixed point given
amount of time.
 MAJOR WATER
COMPARTMENTS
• GROUNDWATER
• RIVERS
• LAKES
• WETLANDS
• THE ATMOSPHERE
 Groundwater

• Originating as precipitation that percolates into layers

of soil and rock. It makes up the largest compartment
of liquid.
 River

• is a natural flowing
watercourse, usually
freshwater, flowing
towards an ocean, sea,
lake or another river.
 Lakes

• contains nearly
100 times as much
as all rivers and
streams combined.
 Wetlands

• Bogs, swamp, wet meadows and marshes play a vital and

often unappreciated role in the hydrologic cycle. Their
lush plant growth stabilizes soil and hold back surface
runoff, allowing time for infiltration into aquifers and
producing even, year long stream flow.
• When wetlands are disturb, their natural water-
absorbing capacity is reduce, and the surface waters run
off quickly, resulting in floods and erosion during the
rainy season and low stream flow the rest of the year.
 WATER RICH AND
POOR COUNTRY
• Water-rich country – are countries with moist
climates and low population densities.

• Water-poor country – it is where the temperatures

are extremely high and rain almost never falls.
Renewable Water
Supplies
 Renewable water
supplies
• are resources that are replenish regularly- mainly
surface water and shallow ground water.
 Withdrawal and
Consumption
• Water Withdrawal – it is the total amount of water
taken from a water body. Much of this water could
be returned to circulations in a reusable form.
• Water Consumption – is the loss of water due to
evaporation, absorption or contamination
 Dams and
Reservoirs
• Dams and reservoirs are human-made features that
are constructed to aid people with water supply,
which is used for various purposes. Several dams and
lakes around the world have significantly impacted
the lives of people living around such physical
features
 Dam

• A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water

or underground streams.
• A dam refers to the structural barrier that is constructed
across a river or a valley with the aim of ensuring that
water is prevented from flowing. This causes water to
accumulate behind the wall after which it is allowed to
overflow after reaching a certain height of the dam
Dam
 Reservoirs

• Reservoirs– created by dams not only suppress floods

but also provide water for activities such as irrigation,
human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and
navigability.
• is the large water body that forms behind a wall
constructed across a river or a large valley. In some
instances, the reservoir accumulates large amounts to
form a human-made lake.
Reservoirs
WATER POLLUTION
 POINT AND
NONPOINT SOURCE
POLLUTION
• Point source pollution – the discharge of pollution is from
specific locations, such as drain pipes, ditches or sewer
outfalls from factories, power plants, sewage treatment
plants, underground coal mines and oil wells.
• Non-point Pollution – are diffuse, having no specific
location where they discharge into a particular body of
water.
Point source
pollution
 Biological pollution
(impacts or bio pollution)
• is the impact of humanity's actions on the quality of aquatic and terrestrial
environment. Specifically, biological pollution is the introduction of non-indigenous
and invasive species.
Biopollution may cause adverse effects at several levels of biological organization:
• an individual organism (internal pollution by parasites or pathogens),
• a population (by genetic change, i.e. hybridization of IAS with a native species),
• a community or biocoenosis (by structural shifts, i.e. dominance of IAS,
replacement or elimination of native species),
• a habitat (by modification of physical-chemical conditions),
• an ecosystem (by alteration of energy and organic material flow).
• Biopollution may also cause decline in naturalness of nature conservation areas,
adverse economic consequences and impacts on human health.

CATEGORY EXAMPLES
1. INFECTIOUS AGENTS Bacteria, viruses, parasites
2. ORGANIC CHEMICALS Pesticides, plastics.,
detergents, oil, gasoline
3. INORGANIC MATERIALS Acid, caustics, salts, metals
4. RADIOACTIVEMATERIALS Uranium, thorium, cesium,
iodine, radon
CAUSE HEALTH
PROBLEMS
SOURCE
Human and animal excreta
Industrial, household and
farm use.
Industrial Effluents,
household cleanser,
surface runoff
Mining and processing of
ores, power plants,
weapons production,
natural sources
 CAUSE
ECOSYSTEM
DISTRUPTION
CATEGORY EXAMPLES SOURCE
1. SEDIMENT Soil, silt Land erosion
2. PLANT NUTRIENTS Nitrates, Phosphates, Agricultural and urban
ammonium fertilizer
3. OXYGEN-DEMANDING Animal manure, plan Sewage, agricultural runoff,
WASTES residues paper mills food processing
4. TEHRMAL CHANGES heat Power plants, industrial
cooling
 Ground Water
Pollution
• Ground water pollution – also called groundwater
contamination occurs when pollutants are released to
the ground and make their way down into groundwater.
This type of water pollution can also occur naturally due
to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent,
contaminant or impurity in the groundwater, in which
case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather
than pollution.
Ocean Pollution
 Ocean Pollution
• Also known as Marine pollution occurs when harmful effects result
from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial,
agricultural, and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive
organisms. Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land. Air
pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off pesticides or
dirt into the ocean. Land and air pollution have proven to be
harmful to marine life and its habitats
• dead zone and poisonous algal blooms are increasing widespread,
toxic chemicals, heavy metals, oil, sediment, and plastic.
 Algal bloom
• An algal bloom or algae bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation
in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems,
and is recognized by the discoloration in the water from their
pigments. Cyanobacteria were mistaken for algae in the past, so
cyanobacterial blooms are sometimes also called algal blooms.
Blooms which can injure animals or the ecology are called "harmful
algal blooms" (HAB), and can lead to fish die-offs, cities cutting off
water to residents, or states having to close fisheries. Also, a bloom
can block out the sunlight from other organisms, and deplete
oxygen levels in the water. Also, some algae secrete poisons into the
water.
Algal bloom
 Dead zone

• Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the

world's oceans and large lakes, caused by "excessive
nutrient pollution from human activities coupled
with other factors that deplete the oxygen required
to support most marine life in bottom and near-
bottom water.
 POLLUTION CONTROL

1. Nonpoint Source and Land Management

2. Sewage Treatment
3. Remediation
 Nonpoint Source
and Land
Management
• Soil conservation practices on farmlands maintain soil
fertility, as well as protect water quality. Precise
application of fertilizer, irrigation water and pesticides
saves money and reduces water contamination.
• Preserving wetlands that acts as a natural processing
facilities for removing sediment and contaminants helps
protect surface and groundwater.
 Sewage Treatment

1. Natural Processes
2. Municipal Sewage Treatment
 Primary treatment - removal of solids
 Secondary treatment – biological bacteria and fungi breaks
down organu
 Tertiary treatment -
3. Low cost waste treatment – using natural or artificial wetlands
4. Remediation
Municipal Sewage Treatment
 Primary treatment - removal of solids
 Secondary treatment – biological
-bacteria and fungi breaks down organics
-Chlorinated to kill germs (can form chloroform which is carcinogenic)
 Tertiary treatment – Filtration and chemical treatment: expensive
 Sludge is a by-product and is rich in organics and nutrients(a residual
[semi-solid material] left from sewage treatment processes)
 Remediation

• Using containment methods keeping dirty water from

spreading. Chemicals can be added to toxic wastewater
to precipitate, immobilize or solidify contaminants.
Where chemical techniques are ineffective, physical
methods may work. Solvents and other volatile organic
compound, for instance, can be stripped from solution by
aeration and then burned in an incinerator.
 Bioremediation

• Living organism can clean contaminated water

effectively and inexpensive. Restoring wetlands,
along stream banks or lake margin can effectively
filter out sediments and remove pollutants. They
generally cost far less than mechanical water
treatment facilities and provide wildlife habitat.
Thank you