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Part I
Chapter 13. Elasticity
BUNGEE jumping
utilizes a long elastic
strap which stretches
until it reaches a
maximum length that
is proportional to the
weight of the jumper.
The elasticity of the
strap determines the
amplitude of the
resulting vibrations. If
the elastic limit for
the strap is exceeded,
the rope will break.
Objectives: After completion of this
lecture, you should be able to:
• Demonstrate your understanding of
elasticity, elastic limit, stress, strain, and
ultimate strength.
• Write and apply formulas for calculating
Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and
bulk modulus.
• Solve problems involving each of the
parameters in the above objectives.
Elastic Properties of Matter
An elastic body is one that returns to its original
shape after a deformation.
F = -kx
x
The spring constant F
F k is a property of the k
m spring given by: x
F L
Stress Strain
A L
Example 1. A steel wire 10 m long and
2 mm in diameter is attached to the
ceiling and a 200-N weight is attached
to the end. What is the applied stress?
First find area of wire:
D (0.002 m)
2 2
L A A
F 4 4
A
A = 3.14 x 10-6 m2
L
Stress
F 200 N
Stress 6.37 x 107 Pa
A 3.14 x 10-6 m 2
Example 1 (Cont.) A 10 m steel wire
stretches 3.08 mm due to the 200 N
load. What is the longitudinal strain?
Given: L = 10 m; L = 3.08 mm
L 0.00308 m
L Srain
L 10 m
L Longitudinal Strain
3.08 x 10-4
The Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the maximum stress a body can
experience without becoming permanently deformed.
2m F 2m
Okay
W Beyond limit
F W
Stress
A W
If the stress exceeds the elastic limit, the final
length will be longer than the original 2 m.
The Ultimate Strength
The ultimate strength is the greatest stress a body can
experience without breaking or rupturing.
2m F
W
F W W
Stress
A W W
If the stress exceeds the ultimate strength,
the string breaks!
Example 2. The elastic limit for steel is
2.48 x 108 Pa. What is the maximum
weight that can be supported without
exceeding the elastic limit?
Recall: A = 3.14 x 10-6 m2
F
L A Stress 2.48 x 108 Pa
F A
A
L F = (2.48 x 108 Pa) A
F
L A Stress 4.89 x 108 Pa
F A
A
L F = (4.89 x 108 Pa) A
stress
Modulus of Elasticity
strain
Example 3. In our previous example,
the stress applied to the steel wire was
6.37 x 107 Pa and the strain was 3.08 x 10-4.
Find the modulus of elasticity for steel.
7
Stress 6.37 x 10 Pa
Modulus -4
L Strain 3.08 x 10
Modulus = 207 x 109 Pa
L
longitudinal stress
Young ' s modulus
longitudinal strain
F/A FL lb
Y Units : Pa or
L / L A L in.2
Example 4: Young’s modulus
for brass is 8.96 x 1011Pa. A
120-N weight is attached to an 8 m
8-m length of brass wire; find
the increase in length. The
diameter is 1.5 mm. L
120 N
First find area of wire:
D2 (0.0015 m) 2
A A = 1.77 x 10-6 m2
4 4
FL FL
Y or L
AL AY
Example 4: (Continued)
Y = 8.96 x 1011 Pa; F = 120 N;
8m
L = 8 m; A = 1.77 x 10-6 m2
F = 120 N; L = ?
L
FL FL
Y or L 120 N
AL AY
FL (120 N)(8.00 m)
L
AY (1.77 x 10-6 m 2 )(8.96 x 1011Pa)