Documente Academic
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Documente Cultură
CARL ROGERS
ABRAHAM MASLOW
KURT LEWIN
• Humanistic psychology developed as
rebellion against what some psychologist
saw as the limitations of behavioral and
psychodynamic psychology
In the 1930 and 1940 the behaviorists
were reducing all human behavior to a
series of conditioned responses and
psychodynamic theorist were devising
theories of the unconscious mind
The humanistic movement aimed to
restore balance in psychology by
addressing human needs
Key Assumptions :
People are motivated by the wish to
grow and fulfill their potential
People can choose what they want to
be, and know what is best for
them.
This emphasis on free will is in
contrast to behavioral and
psychodynamic, which place more
emphasis on what makes us behave
as we do (this is called determinism)
We are influenced by how we feel
about ourselves, which in turn results
from how we are treated by others.
The aim of humanistic is to help people
choose what they want and help them
fulfill their potential.
This means that humanistic practice,
whether in therapy, education or in
the workplace, is always centered
around creating the conditions where
people can make up their own minds
and follow their own goals.
SKINNER
JOHN DOLLARD & NIEL MILLER
GORDON ALLPORT
RAYMOND CATELL
Key Assumption
Psychology should be seen as a science, to be
studied in a scientific manner
Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable
behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking
and emotion
The major influence on human behavior is learning
from our environment
Semua bentuk tingkah laku manusia merupakan
hasil belajar yg bersifat mekanistik lewat proses
penguatan (reinforcement)
There is a little difference between the learning that
takes place in humans and that in other animals,
therefore research can be carried out on animals as
well as on humans
PERSONOLOGI
MURRAY
Kesamaan dengan
Psikoanalisis
Pengalaman masa kanak-kanak
Masa lampau atau sejarah individu
sama pentingnya dengan keadaan
individu beserta lingkungannya di
masa kini.
Teorinya juga mengasumsikan bahwa
peristiwa pada masa bayi dan masa
kanak2, adalah faktor2 yang
menentukan tingkah laku orang
dewasa
Kesamaan dengan
Psikoanalisis
PROCEEDING
The basic unit of behavior. A time-
limited interaction between person and
one or more others or between a
person and an object
Yakni interaksi antara subjek dan objek
atau antara subjek dan subjek, dalam
jangka waktu tertentu, yang mencakup
unsur-unsur penting dalam suatu
sekuens tingkah laku tertentu
“PROCEEDING” & SERIAL
SERIAL
A series of proceedings
Yakni satuan tingkah laku fungsional yang
lebih panjang. Atau urutan proceeding yang
terorganisasi dan terarah.
Tidak satupun proceeding dalam serial
dapat dipahami, terlepas dari proceeding2
lain yg mendahuluinya serta
tujuan/harapan/cita2 si pelaku di masa
depan
For Example :
To understand the full
meaning of particular job
interview, we might need to
look at the serial of the
person’s entire career
EXAMPLE
ORDINATION
TEKANAN
REDUKSI TEGANGAN
TEMA
INTEGRASI KEBUTUHAN
TEMA KESATUAN
REGNANSI
NILAI & VEKTOR
KEBUTUHAN
TIPE-TIPE KEBUTUHAN :
KOMPLEKS2 KANAK-KANAK
FAKTOR GENETIS
BELAJAR
FAKTOR2 SOSIO-KULTURAL
KEUNIKAN INDIVIDU
PERANAN FAKTOR2 TAK SADAR
PROSES SOSIALISASI
Kompleks-Kompleks Kanak-Kanak
Kompleks klaustral
Kompleks oral
Kompleks anal
Kompleks uretal
Kompleks kastrasi
Kompleks Kastrasi
Juga kurang begitu penting
Kompleks yang muncul karena kecemasan
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Faktor2 Genetis & Pematangan
Faktor genetis & pematangan berperan penting dalam
perkembangan kepribadian
Genetic program is roughly divisible into three
successive but overlapping temporal eras that defined
as psychometabolic processes :
1. The first era of life (infancy–adulthood), anabolic or
building up are dominant. The person learns new thing.
2. The second era (adulthood–middle years), anabolic &
catabolic (breaking down) process are balance each
other. The person emphasis on preserving and
reinforcing what one has already learned, through
repetition, memory, so on
3. The third era (old age), catabolic is dominant. The
person learns much less new material, memory is less
reliable
Belajar
Belajar adalah menemukan apa yang
menimbulkan kesenangan (hedonik) &
ketidaknikmatan (anhedonik) bagi individu
Sumber2 hedonik & anhedonik dapat
diklasifiskasikan :
1. Sumber yg bersifat retrospektif (ingatan2 pada
pengalaman masa lampau yg menyenangkan
atau menyedihkan)
2. Sumber yg bersifat spektif (pengalaman2 masa
kini)
3. Sumber yg bersifat prospektif ( antisipasi2
terhadap kesenangan atau kesakitan di masa
mendatang)
Proses Sosialisasi