COMMUNICATION

PRESENTED BY: MS. ANJALI PATEL

F. Y. M.SC. NURSING
INTRODUTION

 Theword communication has been

derived from the Latin word ‘communis’
which means common.
 Communication therefore refers to the
sharing of ideas, facts, opinion,
information and understanding
DEFINITION

 Communication is the process of

transmitting thoughts, feelings, facts and
other information including verbal and
non verbal behaviour.
OR
 Communication is the process of
conveying information between two or
more people.
 OBJECTIVES

 To develop information and understanding.

 Tofoster an attitude necessary for motivation, co-
operation and job satisfaction.
 Todiscourage the spread of misinformation,
rumours, gossip, and to release the emotional
tensions of the workers.
 To improve relationship
 To ensure free exchange of information and ideas.
 To maintain social relations among human beings.
COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
 SENDER: The sender is the person who encodes
and delivers the message. In other words, a sender
is a source or an encoder who wishes to convey a
message or information to another individual or a
group of individuals.
 MESSAGES: The message is the content of
communication and may contain verbal, nonverbal
or symbolic language. It is an essential element of
the communication process
 CHANNEL: A channel is a medium through which a
message is sent or received between two or more
people. Several channels can be used to send or
receive the message, ex: seeing, hearing, touching,
smelling, ad tasting
 Itis believed that when a sender uses more than one
channel, the message is delivered more effectively &
communication is soother. Ex: when teaching a
patient about the use of incentive spirometry, the
patient will understand more easily
 if a nurse uses conversation along with the
demonstration of techniques.
 RECEIVER: A receiver is an individual or a
group of individuals intended to receive, decode
and interpret the message sent by sender/ source
of message. A receiver is also known as decoder
and is considered as another end of the
communication process.
 FEEDBACK: Feedback is return message sent by the
receiver to the sender. It is the most essential element
of the communication process as it shows that the
receiver has understood the primary message sent by
the sender and the communication process is now
complete. A successful communication must be a two
way process where the sender sends the message and
receives feedback from the receiver. The feedback
may be verbal or nonverbal.
 INTERPERSONAL VARIABLES: These are the
factors within both the sender and receiver that
influence communication, ex: perception,
educational and development levels.
 ENVIRONMENT: It is the setting for sender
receiver interaction. For effective communication the
environment should meet participant needs for
physical and emotional comfort and safety.
 TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICAT
ION

DELIVERI PURPOSE OF LEVELS OF PATTERNS OF

NG THE COMMUNICA COMMUNIC COMMUNICATI
MESSAGE TION ATION ON

FORMA INFORM THERAPE

L AL UTIC

VERBAL SYMBOLI
NON- C
VERB
AL
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION

 INTRAPERSONAL
 INTERPERSONAL
 TRANSPERSONAL
 SMALL-GROUP
 PUBLIC
 ORGANIZATIONAL
PATTERNS OF
COMMUNICATION

 ONE-WAY
 TWO-WAY
 ONE-TO-ONE
 ONE-TO- ANY
 MANY-TO-ONE
 BASED ON DELIVERING
THE MESSAGE

A) VERBAL COMMUNICATION:
 verbal communication occurs through the
medium of spoken or written words. A
combination of several words is used and each
word conveys a specific meaning.
 Some of the important elements of verbal
communication are language, vocabulary, clarity,
consciousness, comprehension, timing, relevance
etc.
SUBTYPES:

 Spoken communication
 Written communication
 Telecommunication
 Electronic communication
 b) NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION

 Non verbal communication takes place without

the use of spoken or written words. It includes all
five senses and the whole range of body
movements, posture, gestures and facial
expressions (ex- smile, raised eye brow, staring
etc) including silence.
 It is more accurate way of communication because
it conveys the true and intended meaning of
message
c) SYMBOLIC
COMMUNICATION

 Itinvolves verbal as well as non verbal

symbols to convey a message. (Such as
music)
 
2. BASED ON THE
PURPOSE OF
COMMUNICATION
 a) FORMALCOMMUNICATION: For
communication follows lines of authority and is
an organization to achieve organizational
objectives.
 Ex: the nursing superintendent of a hospital will
communicate with staff nurses through assistant
nursing superintendents, supervisors, and ward in
charge nurses.
b) INFORMAL
COMMUNICATION

 It does not follow lines of authority.

 Ex: gossip, chitchat and kitty parties.
 Itis very fast and usually takes place in
social groups like friends, family and pear
groups etc. The mail purpose of this
communication is to share individual
information with familiar people in a
social group.
c) THERAPEUTIC
COMMUNICATION:

 Ittakes place between a health care

personnel and a patient, with the purpose
of modifying the patients behaviour. T
 his accomplished with repeated
interactions using certain essential
attributes such as trust, sympathy,
tenderness, concern and non-judgemental
attitude.
 3) BASED ON THE
LEVELS OF
OMMNICATION:
 a) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: the
communications that take place within an individual or
self talk; crucial to understand oneself.
 b) INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: where
two or more people share ideas or messages with each
other.
 c) TRANSPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: the
communication that takes place within a person’s
spiritual domain; ex: communicating with one’s inner
self conscious.
 CONTI…
 D) SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION:
communication in a small group, consisting of 3 to 4
people interacting face to face or using electronic
means.
 e) PUBLIC COMMUNICATION: interaction of one
or more people with a large audience, such as health
education by a nurse to a group of people.
 f)ORGANIZATIONAL COMUNICATION: it takes
place when individuals and groups within an
organization communicate to achieve established
organizational goals.
 4) BASED ON THE
PATTERNS OF
COMMUNICATION:

 a)ONE-WAY COMMUNICATION: It takes place

when message are delivered to the audience from the
communicator only without constant feedback.
 Ex: a lecture delivered in a classroom.
 b) TWO WAY COMMUNICATION: It takes place
when both the communicator and audience take part
in the process. The audience may raise questions and
add information, ideas and opinions on the subject.
 CONTI…

 c) ONE-TO-ONE COMUNICATION:
Communication between one sender and one
recipient at one time is termed as one-to-one
communication.
 Ex: a nurse providing discharge information to a
patient.
 This method is used when more focused and
individualized method of communication is
required.
CONTI…

 d)ONE-TO-MANY COMMUNICATION:
Where one person communicates with many
people at the same time, it is termed as one-to-
many communication.
 Ex:a nurse providing health education to a
community.
 In this method communicator gets an opportunity
to communicate with a large number of people at
the same time, saving money and effort.
 E) MANY-TO-ONE COMMUNICATION: It takes
place when several people communicate with one
person at same time.
 Ex: a panel of experts taking an interview.
FACILITATORS OF
COMMUNICATION:

COURT
ESY
COMPL CONSID
ETENES ERATIO
S N
SEVEN CS
OF
EFFECTIV
E
COMMUNI
CORRE CATON CONCIS
CTNESS ENESS

CONCT
RETEN
ESS
 CONTI…
. CLARITY: A clear message helps the receiver
understand the message easily and appropriately
avoiding any possible misunderstandings.
 2. CONCISENESS: Communication can be more
effective if the message is as concise as possible so
the meaning is not lost in a large amount of content
and can be easily understood by the receiver. This
also makes communication less time consuming and
crystallized.
 3. COMPLETENESS: Incomplete communication
has no use; therefore, a message sent by the sender
or receiver must be complete to achieve the desire
purpose of communication.
 4.CONCRETENESS: Concrete communication is
specific, clear and free from fuzziness. It makes
communication more specific and meaningful.
 5.CORRECTNESS: Correct communication helps in
having an error message or content in communication.
Correctness could be in reference to grammar or in the
use of right words at the right place.
 6. COURTESY: It helps the sender and / or receivers
express their politeness, empathy, enthusiasm,
sincerity, etc. in communication.
 CONSIDERATION: Consideration helps in the
understanding of others problem by stepping into
others shoes.
BARRIERS OF
COMMUNICATION
PHYSIOLOGICAL
BARRIERS
ENVIRONMENTAL
BARRIERS
PSYCHOLOGICAL
BARRIERS
SOCIAL BARRIERS

CULTURAL BARRIERS

SEMANTIC BARRIERS
ORGANIZATIONAL
BARRIERS
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
RELATED BARRIERS
METHODS TO OVERCOME
BARRIERS OF
COMMUNICATION
 I)METHODS TO OVERCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL
BARRIERS:
 The sender and the recipient must keep in mind each
other’s retention and recollection abilities.
 The sender and recipient must pay complete attention
during the sharing of information
 Before initiating communication, the sender and the
recipient must ensure each other’s comfort.
CONTI..

 Thelimitations of hearing ability must be kept in

mind while communicating.
 In addition to hearing, the sender and the
recipient must ensure active listening between
each other.
 Information overload must be avoided.
 II) METHODS TO OVERCOME
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS:

 Comfortable seating arrangements must be

ensured.
 Good lighting must be ensured to facilitate
nonverbal communication.
 A hygienicand odour free environment must be
encouraged.
IV) METHODS TO OVERCOME SOCIAL
BARRIERS

 Thedifference in social norms, values and behaviour

must be given during communication.
 Social
beliefs must be kept in mind while
communicating.
V) METHODS TO OVERCOME CULTURAL
BARRIERS
 Cultural traditions, values and behaviour must be
kept in mind during communication.
III) METHODS TO OVERCOME
PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS:

 Communication must be carried out in a happy and

trustworthy manner.
 Thesender and the recipient must avoid feeling of
prejudice, resentment and antagonism.
 Thesender and the recipient must be free from fear,
anxiety, and confusion during communication
 CONTI…

VI) METHODS TO OVERCOME SEMANTIC

BARRIERS
 The sender and the recipient must use the same
language during communication.
 Individual differences in the expression and
perception of message must be considered.
CONTI..

VII) METHODS TO OVERCOMEE

ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS
 Organizational
policy, rules and regulations must
be pro-communication
 The organizational structure must be simple.
 The organization must be technically strong with
respect to communication.
 CONTI…

VIII) METHODS TO OVERCOME

COMMUNICATION PROCESS RELATED
BARRIERS
 An appropriate channel must be used.
 A stereotypical
approach must be avoided in
communication.
 The message must be clear
 Proper feedback must be ensured by the recipient.