THEORIES OF

LEARNING
Annisa Pramesti (201512500228)
Annisa Tri Agustina (201612579031)
Materials:
Theories of Learning
• Behaviourism
• Mentalism
• Cognitive Code
• Affective Factors
Language and Acquisition
Model for Learning
 Background
The starting point for all language teaching should be an understanding of how people
1 learn.

By studying and knowing the different language theories, we can better understand
2 how learning occurs.

Language learning is conditioned by the way which the mind observes, organises,
3 and stores information.

4 Language learning and teaching focus on the understanding the structure and
processes of the mind.

5 The principles of the theories can be used as guidelines to help select instructional
tools, techniques, and strategies that improve learning.
 The 16th The End of The Early of
Century 19th Century 20th Century

Comenius’ studies Precepts of Direct Psychology had

(emipirical observ been established
ations) Method as a respectable
subject of scientific
enquiry

There are 5 main stages of learning

theory development, there are:
Behaviourism,
Mentalism,
Cognitive code,
The affective factors, and
Language and acquisition.
Behaviourism: Learning as habit formation
Based on the work of Pavlov and Skinner

1 Learning is regarded as a habit formation. It emphasizes the

frequent reinforcement of a stimulus-response sequence.

2 Learning is observed by a change in behaviour that is invisible.

3 The knowledge is given and absolute, learners only do what they

are told, do not take initiative to change or improve things,
only imitating.

4 It brought about the theoretical of Audiolingual Method that was widely

used in 50s and 60s..

5 The basic exercise technique of a behaviourist methodology is pattern

practice and drill.
 Human mind was able to cope with
an infinte range of possible situation

Learning consist not on forming habits

Mentalism : thinking as but of acquiring rules, a process in whi
ch individual experiences are used by
rule-governed activity the mind to formulate the hypothesis

The mind just not respond the stimuli,

it uses the individual stimuli in order to
find the underlying pattern or system
 Cognitive Code
Learners as thinking beings

The cognitive view takes learners to Learners as thinking beings is they

01 be an active processor of information

02 learn by thinking about and trying to
make sense of what they see, read,
and hear.

The basic teaching technique The cognitive view of learning has had

03 associated with a cognitive

theory of language learning is the
problem-solving task
04 a significant impact on ESP through
the development of courses to teach
reading strategies
Affective Factors:
Learners as Emotional Beings

• Although we are all our aware of feelings and

their affects on our actions, we invariably seek
answer to our problems in rational terms.

• The important emotional factor is motivation

.
• Learners are no machines, they need relevance
that is sweetened with enjoyment, fun, creativity
and a sense of achievement

• We can represent the cognitive/affective interplay

in form of a learning cycle
A Model for Learning
• Learning theory or approach may be described as
a body of principles advocated by psychologists and
educators to explain how people acquire skills, knowl
edge, and attitudes.

• A model of learning also includes these theories and

some other strategies.

• The learners will make better progress by developing

strategies for solving the learning problems that will
arise.
Don’t be afraid to make
mistake. Because
you’ll never learn until
you’re wrong.