SSBT COLLEGE OF ENGG.

& TECHNOLOGY
BAMBHORI, JALGAON

SEMINAR ON
GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION

Under Guidence Of Presented By

Mr. P . V . Thakare Mr. Rohit K . Chuadhari
(Class : TE Roll No 12)

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REACTIVE
POWER
CONTROL AND
VOLTEGE
STABILITY
INTRODUCTION
 The significance of reactive power is shooting
up with high demand for electric power by many
industrial and domestic utilities , in the system of a
power network. Reactive power management is the
basis for stability and reliability of electric power
system.
 For generating power in a more efficient ,
cost effective and reliable way of delivering
electrical energy utilizes techniques like FACTS.
 SVC for maintaining high power factor , reducing
transmission losses , voltage stability maintenance
etc.
Reactive Power Generated
• Reactive power generated by the ac power
source is stored in a capacitor or a reactor
during a quarter of a cycle and in the next
quarter of the cycle it is sent back to the
power source.
• Therefore the reactive power oscillates
between the ac source and the capacitor or to
reactor so to avoid a circulation.
What is voltage stability ?
Power system voltage stability is system
capability to keep acceptable voltages in all buses in
normal conditions and after disturbances. The
system is unstable when disturbance, load
increment, production decrement, voltage control or
transmission link declining will cause accelerating
and uncontrollable voltage decrease. The most
important reason for voltage collapse is system
inability to respond to need of reactive power. The
system become unstable, if the disturbance will
cause voltage decrease and control systems or
operators cannot stop it. Voltage stability is usually
the most limiting factor in long distance
transmission. Specially transmission of reactive
power will cause problems. 
What is Voltage Instability/Collapse?

• A power system undergoes voltage collapse if post-

disturbance voltages are below acceptable limits:
• Less than 0.8 PU
• voltage collapse may be due to voltage or angular
instability
• Main factor causing voltage instability is the inability
of the power systems to maintain a proper balance
of reactive power and voltage control
Voltage Instability/Collapse
• The driving force for voltage instability is usually the
load.

• The possible outcome of voltage instability:

– loss of loads
– loss of integrity of the power system

• Voltage stability timeframe:

– Short term/transient voltage instability: 0 - 30 seconds
• Motor dynamics/stalling
• OEL’s

– long-term voltage stability: 1 – 60 minutes

• Tap changers/Voltage regulators
• OEL’s
Power-Voltage (P-V) Curve
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLTAGE
STABILITY

• LARGE DISTURBANCE VOLTAGE STABILITY

• SMALL DISTURBANCE VOLTAGE STABILITY
• TRANSIENT VOLTAGE STABILITY
• LONGER TERM VOLTAGE STABILITY

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LARGE DISTURBANCE VOLTAGE
STABILITY (LDVS)
• It is concerned with systems ability to control voltages following
large disturbances such as system faults, loss of generator or
circuit contingency.
• Load characteristics and the interaction of both continuous and
discrete controls and protections.
• Determination of LDVS requires the examination of the non-
linear dynamic performance of a system over a period of time
(ULTC and generator field current limiter)
• For analysis long-term dynamic simulations are required.
• A criterion of large disturbance voltage stability, is that,
following a given disturbance and system control actions,
voltage at all buses reach acceptable steady state levels.

•1
0
SMALL DISTURBANCE VOLTAGE
STABILITY (SDVS)
• control voltages following small perturbations
• load characteristics, continuous control and discrete control
• Basic process a steady state nature
• Stability margin, identifying factors influencing stability,
examine wide range of system conditions and large number of
post contingency scenarios.
• A criterion for SDVS, V-Q sensitivity

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TRANSIENT VOLTAGE STABILITY

• 0 to 10 seconds, transient rotor angle stability

voltage
• voltage collapse is caused by unfavorable fast
acting load components (IM and DC converters)
• For severe voltage dips the reactive power
demand of IM increases, contributing to V.C
• Electrical islanding and under frequency load
shedding resulting V.C. when imbalance is greater
than about 50%.

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LONGER TERM VOLTAGE STABILITY
• 2-3 minutes
• involves high loads, high power inputs from remote
generation and a sudden large disturbance (lass of generator or
loss of major transmission line)
• the disturbance causes high reactive power losses and voltage
sags in load areas
• the tap changer sense low voltages and act to restore
disturbance voltages thereby restoring load power levels

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V-Q CURVES

• voltage security is closely related to reactive power and a v-q

curves gives reactive power margin at the test bus.

V-Q curve sketches showing effect of voltage sensitive loads and tap changers on limit

• the slope of the V-Q curves indicated the stiffness of the test bus
• reactive power of the generators can be plotted on same graph

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• the effect of voltage sensitivity loads ( i.e. prior to tap
changing ) will have much greater reactive power margins and
much lower critical voltages
• when tap changer hit limits, the curves tend to flatten out
rather then turn up on the left side

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Reactive Power Requirements
for Generators
• The facility should generate reactive power in accordance with
the voltage schedule prescribed by the system dispatcher.
 Above 230 kV: 1.02 PU
 230 kV: 1.01 PU
 69 kV – 161 kV: 1.00 PU

• The facility shall have a reactive power capability to maintain a

power factor between 0.95 lagging and 0.97 leading.

• Units must be operated with the voltage regulator in auto

mode.

• Generator may be required to operate at its maximum reactive

capability to meet required voltage schedules.

• Ensure that adequate reactive reserves are available so that

the system can be restored satisfactorily.
Advantages
•  Better efficiency of power generation,
transmission and distribution
•  Improvement in voltage
•  Reduced KVA demand
•  Reduced system losses.
•  Benefit of reactive power and voltage
controlled
Summary

• The increasing need to operate the transmission

system at its maximum safe transfer limit has
become a primary concern at most utilities.

• Reactive power supply or VAR management is an

important ingredient in maintaining healthy power
system voltages and facilitating power transfer.
REFERENCE
• C.D. Vournas , P.W. Sauer, and M.A. Pai . Relationships
between Voltage and Angel Stability of Power Systems.
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy
Systems , 18:493-500, 1996.
• H.P. St. Clair. Practical Concepts in Capability and
Performance of Transmission Lines. AIEE Dansactions ,
72: 1152-1 157, 1953.
• Erche , M. Petersson , T. “Reactive Power Sources”. Task
Force No 3. CIGRE WG 38-01. April 1987.“Exchange of
services between large electricity generating plants and
high voltage electric power systems”. Joint Working
Group 39/11. CIGRE, April 1999.
THANK YOU

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