Numerical Solution of sewing equation

 The equal-area criterion may be used to determine the critical

fault clearing angle. The point by point (or step-by-step)
method is used to determine the critical fault clearing time
associated with this angle.
 A swing curve (δ vs t) is plotted for each machine to know its
tendency to remain stable.
 The following assumptions are made in the solution of
equation:
 The accelerating power Pa and angular acceleration α are
constant from the middle of the preceding interval to the
middle of the present interval considered. Both of these values
are calculated at the beginning of this interval.
 The angular velocity at the middle of an interval, middle of an
interval, remains constant from the beginning to the end of the
interval considered.

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 Numerical Solution of sewing equation
 The accelerating at t=n-1 is
αn-1. Over the region of
constant acceleration αn-1
there is an increment of
angular velocity from ωn-
3/2 to ωn-1/2.

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Numerical Solution of sewing equation

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Math Problem

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Math Problem

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Math Problem

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Math Problem

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Math Problem

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 Methods of improving Stability
 The steady-state power limit is given by Pmax=EV/X
 So,Pmax depends on E, V and X.
 Use of Double-Circuit Lines: The impedance of a double
circuit line is less than that of a single circuit line.Double
circuit line doubles the transmission capability. But the
provision of additional line can hardly be justified by stability
condition alone.
 Use of Bundled Conductors: Bundled conductors reduces to a
considerable extent the line reactance and so increases the
power limit.
 Series Compensation of the Lines: The inductive reactance of
a line can be reduced by connecting static capacitors in series
with the line.
 High speed Excitation Systems: It helps to maintain
synchronism during a fault by quickly increasing the excitation
voltage.

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 Methods of improving Stability
 Fast Switching: Rapid isolation of faults is the principal
way of improving transient stability. the time required for
fault removal is the sum of relay response time plus the
circuit breaker operating time. Therefore, high speed
relaying and circuit breaking are commonly used to
improve stability during fault condition.
 Breaking Resistors: An artificial electric load in the form
of shunt resistors is temporarily connected near-the
generator bus. Such resistors partially compensate the
reduction of load on a generator following a fault.
 Turbine Fast Valving or Bypass Valving: Fast valving is
a means of reducing the mechanical input power to the
turbine during the fault. Certain steam valves are rapidly
closed (in 0.1 to 0.2s) and immediately respond. This
procedure increases the critical clearing time.
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 Methods of improving Stability
 Single Pole Switching: Majority of occurred faults are line to
ground fault. In single pole switching (also called independent pole
operation), the three phases of the circuit breaker are closed or
opened independently of each other.
 HVDC Links: It is helpful for following causes:
 A dc tie line provides a loose coupling between two ac systems to be
interconnected.
 A dc link may interconnect two ac systems at different frequencies.
 There is no transfer of fault energy from one ac system to another if
they are interconnected by a dc tie line.
• Load shedding: If there is insufficient generation to maintain
system frequency, some of the generators are disconnected during or
immediately after a fault.

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The

End
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