CE - 4007 Fluid Mechanics - I

CE - 4007
Fluid Mechanics - I
Dr. Anand Kr. Sinha

Professor (Civil and Environmental Engineering)
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
Monsoon Semester, 2017-2018 1

Fluid Mechanics - I
• Introduction
• Fluid Statics
• Kinematics of Fluid Flow
• Dynamics of Fluid Flow
• Laminar and Turbulent Flows
• Boundary Layer Concept
• Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulic Similitude

Fluid Mechanics - I
Portion up to Mid Semester Examination
• Introduction
• Fluid Statics
• Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Teachers Internal Assessment
• Term Paper Presentation – 15 Marks
• To be presented in the class in presence of all
students and the teacher
• Report of about ten to fifteen pages to be
submitted along with the presentation
Fluid Statics
Pressure
• Pressure is the force exerted on a unit area.
𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴
F = total force uniformly distributed over an area A
• If F is not uniformly distributed then p gives the
average value.
• When pressure varies from point to point,
𝑑𝐹 ∆𝐹
𝑝= 𝑜𝑟 𝑝 = lim
𝑑𝐴 ∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴

Fluid Statics
dF = force acting on infinitesimal area dA
Unit of Pressure – N/m2 or Pascal, kg/m2, kg/cm2
• When a certain mass of fluid is held in static
equilibrium by confining within solid boundaries,
it exerts forces against boundary surfaces.
• These forces act in direction normal to the
surface.
• Since there is no motion of a fluid layer relative to
an adjacent layer, there are no shear stress in the
fluid.

Fluid Statics
• The normal force exerted by a fluid per unit
area of the surface is called fluid pressure.
• Even if an imaginary surface is assumed within
a body, the fluid pressure and force on the
imaginary surface are the same as those
acting on real surface.
Variation of Pressure in a Fluid
• Consider a small fluid element of size 𝛿𝑥 ×
𝛿𝑦 × 𝛿𝑧
Fluid Statics
• Let p be the pressure intensity at mid point.
• The fluid element is in equilibrium.
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑝 𝛿𝑥
𝑝− 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 − 𝑝 + 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 = 0
𝛿𝑥 2 𝛿𝑥 2
𝛿𝑝
=0
𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑝
∑𝐹𝑦 = 0, =0
𝛿𝑦
Fluid Statics
𝛿𝑝
∑𝐹𝑧 = 0, = −𝛾
𝛿𝑧
• Pressure is a function of z only.
• The pressure decreases as z increases.
• The pressure remains constant over any
horizontal plane in a fluid.
For an incompressible fluid,
𝑝 = −𝛾𝑧 + 𝑐
Fluid Statics
At 𝑧 = 𝐻 + 𝑧0 , 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎
𝑐 = 𝑝𝑎 + 𝛾 𝐻 + 𝑧0
𝑝 = −𝛾𝑧 + 𝑝𝑎 + 𝛾 𝐻 + 𝑧0
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎 + 𝛾ℎ
h = vertical depth below the free surface
• Pressure does not depend upon the shape and
size of the container.
• Atmospheric pressure is constant at any point.
• Pressure in excess of atmospheric pressure is
considered.
Fluid Statics
𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ
• Pressure head is the vertical height of free
surface above any point in a liquid at rest.
𝑝
ℎ=
𝛾
• The difference between pressure is expressed as,
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝛾 ℎ1 − ℎ2
Pressure Variation in a Compressible Fluid
• The density of compressible fluids varies.
• There is no free surface for compressible fluids.
Fluid Statics
• Pressure equation can be integrated between
two points.
𝑝2 𝑧2
𝑑𝑃
න = − න 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝛾
𝑝1 𝑧1
Pascal’s Law
• The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest has the
same magnitude in all directions.
• When a certain pressure is applied at any point in
a fluid at rest, the pressure is equally transmitted
in all directions and to every other point in the
fluid.
Fluid Statics
• Considering an infinitesimal wedge shaped
element of fluid at rest as a free body.
• Since the fluid is at rest, there are no shear
forces.
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑝𝑥 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 − 𝑝𝑠 𝛿𝑠𝛿𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 0
∑𝐹𝑧 = 0
1
𝑝𝑧 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦 − 𝑝𝑠 𝛿𝑠𝛿𝑦𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝛾 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 = 0
2
Fluid Statics
𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑠𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼, 𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝑠𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑝𝑥 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 − 𝑝𝑠 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 = 0
𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝𝑠 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑝𝑠
1
𝑝𝑧 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦 − 𝑝𝑠 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦 − 𝛾𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 = 0
2
1
𝛾𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 can be neglected.
2
𝑝𝑧 − 𝑝𝑠 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑝𝑠
• Since angle 𝛼 is chosen arbitrarily, so the pressure
is same in all directions.
Fluid Statics
Atmospheric, Absolute, Gage, and Vacuum Pressure
• The atmospheric air exerts a normal pressure
upon all surfaces with which it is in contact and is
known as atmospheric pressure.
• It varies with altitude and it can be measured by
means of a barometer.
• It is also called barometric pressure.
• At sea level, its value is 1.03 X 105 N/m2 or 1.03
kg/cm2 or 10.3 m of water or 760 mm of
Mercury.
• The fluid pressure may be measured with respect
to two most common datums.
Fluid Statics
• The two most common datum are
i. Absolute Zero Pressure
ii. Local Atmospheric Pressure
• When the pressure is measured above absolute
zero, it is called absolute pressure.
• When the pressure is measured either above or
below the atmospheric pressure, it is called gage
pressure.
• If the pressure is below atmospheric pressure, it
is designated as vacuum pressure or suction
pressure.
Fluid Statics
Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure +
Gage Pressure
Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure –
Vacuum Pressure
Measurement of Pressure
Devices adopted for measuring fluid pressure.
i. Manometers
ii. Mechanical Gages
Fluid Statics
Manometers
• Manometers are those pressure measuring
devices which are based on the principle of
balancing the column of liquid by the same or
another column of liquid.
The manometers may be classified as,
a) Simple Manometers
b) Differential Manometers
Fluid Statics
Simple Manometers
• Simple manometers are those which measure
pressure at a point in a fluid contained in a
pipe or a vessel.
Differential Manometers
• Differential manometers measure the
difference of pressure between any two points
in a fluid contained in a pipe or vessel.

Fluid Statics
Simple Manometers
• In general a simple manometer consists of a glass
tube having one of its ends connected to the gage
point, where pressure is to be measured and the
other remains open to the atmosphere.
Some common types of simple manometers are.
i. Piezometer
ii. U-tube Manometer
iii. Single Column Manometer

Fluid Statics
Piezometer
• A piezometer is the simplest form of manometer
which can be used for measuring moderate
pressure of liquids.
• It consists of a glass tube inserted in the wall of a
pipe or vessel, containing liquid whose pressure is
to be measured.
• Piezometers are also used to measure pressure
heads in pipes where liquid is in motion. Such
tubes should enter the pipe in a direction at right
angles to the direction of flow.
Fluid Statics
U-tube Manometers
• Piezometers can not be used when large
pressures in lighter liquids are to be measured,
since this would require very long tubes, which
can not be handled conveniently.
• Furthermore, gas pressure can not be measured
by means of piezometers because a gas does not
form free surface.
• These limitations on piezometers may be
overcome by the use of U-tube manometer.
Fluid Statics
• It consists of a glass tube bent in U-shape, one
end of which is connected to the gage point and
the other end remains open to atmosphere.
• The tube contains liquid of specific gravity greater
than that of the fluid of which the pressure is to
be determined.
• Sometimes more than one liquid may be used in
the manometers, provided they do not get mixed.

Fluid Statics
Single Column Manometer
• The U-tube manometers require readings at
two or more points.
• A single column manometer is a modified
form of a U-tube manometer in which a
shallow reservoir having a large cross sectional
area (about 100 times) as compared to the
area of the tube is introduced in to one limb
of the manometer.

Fluid Statics
• For any variation in pressure the change in the
liquid level in the reservoir will be so small that it
may be neglected, and the pressure is indicated
approximately by the height of the liquid in the
other limb.
• The inclined type is useful for measurement of
small pressure.
• The single column manometer can be adopted
for measuring negative pressure also. Then the
liquid in the manometer will fall.
Fluid Statics
Differential Manometers
• It consists of a bent glass tube, the two ends of
which are connected to each of the two gage
points between which the pressure difference is
required to be measured.
Common Types
i. Two Piezometer Manometer
ii. Inverted U-tube Manometer
iii. U-tube Differential Manometer
iv. Micromanometer

Fluid Statics
Two Piezometer Manometer
• The manometer consists of two separate
piezometers which are inserted at the two
gage points below which the difference of
pressure is required to be measured.
• This is useful only if the pressure at each of
the two points is small.
• It can not be used to measure pressure
difference in gases.
Fluid Statics
Inverted U-tube Manometers
• It consists of glass tube bent in U-shape and held
inverted, as if two piezometers are connected at
the top.
• Inverted U-tube manometers are suitable for
measurement of small pressure difference.
U-tube Differential Manometer
• It consists of a glass tube bent in U-shape, the
two ends of which are connected to the two gage
points between which the pressure difference is
required.
Fluid Statics
• The lower part of the manometer contains a
liquid of specific gravity S2 (S2 > S1).
Micromanometer
• For measurement of very small pressure
difference or for measurement with very high
precision, micromanometers are used.
• The readings can be magnified or can be
observed with greater accuracy.

Fluid Statics
Mechanical Gages
• In mechanical gages, an elastic element
deflects under the action of applied pressure
and this movement which is mechanically
magnified, operates a pointer moving against
a graduated circumferential scale.
• Examples – Bourdon tube pressure gage,
Diaphragm pressure gage, Bellows pressure
gage, Dead weight pressure gage

Fluid Statics
Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces
• The force exerted by the mass of fluid on the
surface with which it is in contact is known as
total pressure.
• At rest, no tangential force exist, so the total
pressure acts in direction normal to the
surface.
• The point of application of total pressure is
known as centre of pressure.
Fluid Statics
Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
Horizontal Plane Surface
𝑝 = intensity of pressure at a depth h below the free
surface
P = total pressure
A = area of horizontal plane surface
𝑃 = 𝑝𝐴
𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑃 = 𝛾𝐴ℎ
The force will be acting at the centroid of surface.
Fluid Statics
Vertical Plane Surface
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑃 = 𝑝𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾𝑥 × 𝑏𝑑𝑥
𝑃 = න 𝑑𝑃 = න 𝛾𝑥𝑏𝑑𝑥 = 𝛾 න 𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝛾𝐴𝑥ҧ
𝑃 = 𝛾𝐴𝑥ҧ
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑥ҧ × 𝐴 = pressure at centroid X area

Fluid Statics
Centre of Pressure
Moment of Resultant about an axis = Sum of
Moments of the Components about the same axis
𝑑𝑃 = 𝛾𝑥𝑏𝑑𝑥
Moment of dP about O-O
𝑑𝑃𝑥 = 𝛾𝑥 2 𝑏𝑑𝑥
න 𝑑𝑃𝑥 = න 𝛾𝑥 2 𝑏𝑑𝑥

Fluid Statics
𝑃ℎത = 𝛾 න 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑑𝑥
= 𝛾 × 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑂 − 𝑂
න 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼𝑂
𝑃ℎത = 𝛾𝐼𝑂
𝛾𝐼𝑂 𝛾𝐼𝑂 𝐼𝑂
ℎത = = =
𝑃 𝛾𝐴𝑥ҧ 𝐴𝑥ҧ

Fluid Statics
𝐼𝑂 = 𝐼𝐺 + 𝐴𝑥ҧ 2
𝐼𝐺
ℎത = 𝑥ҧ +
𝐴𝑥ҧ
Lateral Location of Centre of Pressure
Moment of dP about O-X
𝑑𝑃𝑦 = 𝛾𝑥𝑏𝑑𝑥𝑦
න 𝑑𝑃𝑦 = න 𝛾𝑥𝑏𝑑𝑥𝑦

Fluid Statics
𝑃𝑦𝑃 = 𝛾 න 𝑥𝑦𝑏𝑑𝑥
𝛾𝐴𝑥𝑦
ҧ 𝑃 = 𝛾 න 𝑥𝑦𝑏𝑑𝑥
‫𝑥𝑑𝑏𝑦𝑥 ׬‬
𝑦𝑃 =
𝐴𝑥ҧ
If the plane surface has a vertical axis of symmetry,
then this axis may be taken as O-X.
Fluid Statics
In that case,
න 𝑥𝑦𝑏𝑑𝑥 = 0
The centre of pressure lies on this axis of

symmetry at ℎത below the free surface.
Inclined Plane Surface
𝑑𝑃 = 𝛾𝑥𝑑𝐴
𝑥 = 𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
Fluid Statics
𝑑𝑃 = 𝛾𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝐴
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 න 𝑦𝑑𝐴
න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴𝑦ത
𝑃 = 𝛾𝐴𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
ത
𝑥ҧ = 𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
ത

Fluid Statics
Centre of Pressure
Moment about O-O
𝑑𝑃𝑦 = 𝛾𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑃𝑦𝑃 = 𝛾𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝐼𝑂 = න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴

Fluid Statics
𝛾𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐼𝑂 𝛾𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐼𝑂 𝛾𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝐼𝑂
𝑦𝑃 = = =
𝑃 𝛾𝐴𝑥ҧ 𝛾𝐴𝑦𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
ത
𝐼𝑂
𝑦𝑃 =
𝐴𝑦ത
𝐼𝑂 = 𝐼𝐺 + 𝐴𝑦ത 2
𝐼𝐺
𝑦𝑃 = 𝑦ത +
𝐴𝑦ത
ℎത 𝑥ҧ
𝑦𝑃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦ത =
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
Fluid Statics
𝐼𝐺 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
ℎത = 𝑥ҧ +
𝐴𝑥ҧ
• Table in the text book gives the moment of
inertia and area of plane surfaces.
• For a plane surface of negligible thickness the
total pressure on one face would exactly
balance the total pressure on the other, if
both the faces were in contact with the liquid.

Fluid Statics
• The atmospheric pressure also provide a uniform
addition to the gage pressure but since it acts on
both the faces of the surface, the net total
pressure is not effected.
Pressure Diagram
• Total pressure and the centre of pressure may
also be obtained by drawing pressure diagram.
• A pressure diagram is a graphical representation
of the variation of pressure intensity over a
surface.
Fluid Statics
• The pressure intensities at various points on the
surface are plotted normal to the surface.
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
Considering a small area dA on the curved surface
at a depth h below the free surface.
𝑑𝑃 = 𝑝𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾ℎ𝑑𝐴
𝑃 = න 𝑝𝑑𝐴
• The direction of dP varies from point to point.

Fluid Statics
• So, the evaluation of the above integral is difficult.
Resolving P in to two components 𝑃𝐻 and 𝑃𝑉 .
𝑑𝑃𝐻 = 𝑑𝑃𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑝𝑑𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑃𝑉 = 𝑑𝑃𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑝𝑑𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑃𝐻 = න 𝑑𝑃𝐻 = 𝛾 න ℎ𝑑𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑃𝑉 = න 𝑑𝑃𝑉 = 𝛾 න ℎ𝑑𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑃𝐻 = hydrostatic force acting on CD.

Fluid Statics
𝑃𝑉 = weight of liquid contained in ABCDEF.
𝑃= 𝑃𝐻2 + 𝑃𝑉2
−1
𝑃𝑉
𝜃 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛
𝑃𝐻
• The point of application of P can be
determined by extending the line of action of
action of P to meet the surface.

Fluid Statics
• However, if the curved surface is irregular and
unsymmetrical then the two components of
the hydrostatic force may not lie in the same
plane. In such a case there is no single
resultant force on the surface.
Practical Applications of Hydrostatic Force and
Centre of Pressure
• There are many hydraulic structures that are
subjected to hydrostatic forces.

Fluid Statics
Dam
Hydrostatic Force
Considering unit length of dam,
𝐻 𝛾𝐻2
𝑃 =𝛾 𝐻×1 =
2 2
Centre of Pressure
𝐼𝐺
ℎത = 𝑥ҧ +
𝐴𝑥ҧ
Fluid Statics
1 3
𝐻 12 × 1 × 𝐻 2
ℎത = + = 𝐻
2 𝐻 3
𝐻×1
2
2
Centre of pressure is 𝐻 below the free surface or
3
1
𝐻 above the base of dam.
3
Gate
A sluice gate may have water either on one side of
the gate or on the both sides of the gate.

Fluid Statics
ℎ
𝑃1 = 𝛾𝐴𝑥ҧ1 = 𝛾𝐴 𝐻1 −
2
ℎ
𝑃2 = 𝛾𝐴𝑥ҧ2 = 𝛾𝐴 𝐻2 −
2
Resultant Hydrostatic Force
𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
Tank
• Tanks can be overhead tank or located on the
ground surface.
Fluid Statics
• The sides of the tank are subjected to hydrostatic
force.
Buoyancy and Floatation
• Buoyant force
• Point of application – Centre of buoyancy
Archimedes Principle
• When a body is immersed in a fluid either wholly
or partially it is buoyed up by a force which is
equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the
body.

Fluid Statics
𝑑𝐹𝐵 = 𝑝2 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑝1 𝑑𝐴
= 𝛾 ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝐹𝐵 = 𝛾𝑑𝑉
𝐹𝐵 = න 𝑑𝐹𝐵 = 𝛾 න 𝑑𝑉 = 𝛾𝑉
• Centre of buoyancy is the centroid of the fluid

displaced.

Fluid Statics
• For a wholly submerged body of homogeneous
composition the centre of buoyancy coincides
with the centre of gravity of the body.
Metacentre and Metacentric Height
• Metacentre is the point of intersection between
the axis of floating body (line passing through B
and G) and the vertical line passing through B1.
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊
Couple = 𝑊 × 𝐺𝑀𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
Fluid Statics
• For small values of θ, M is practically constant.
• The distance between CG and Metacentre is
known as Metacentric Height.
Stability
• There is a tendency for the body to return to
the original upright position after it has been
displaced slightly.
• Displacement can be vertical, horizontal, or
angular.
Fluid Statics
• In case of vertical displacement, the buoyant
force changes.
• In case of horizontal displacement, there is no
change in the magnitude and location of buoyant
force.
Angular Displacement
There are three conditions of equilibrium.
• Stable Equilibrium – The couple tends to oppose
the angular displacement, to bring back the body
to its original position.
Fluid Statics
• Unstable Equilibrium – The couple tends to
further increase the angular displacement, not
allowing the body to restore its original position.
• Neutral Equilibrium – The angular displacement
does not set up any couple, body adopts the new
position given to it.
• In case of wholly submerged body, stable
equilibrium will occur when the CG is below the
Centre of Buoyancy (B).
Fluid Statics
• In case of floating body, stability depends on
Metacentre.
If BM > BG : Stable Equilibrium
If BM < BG : Unstable Equilibrium
If BM = BG : Neutral Equilibrium
• In case of floating body, stable equilibrium can be
obtained by lowering the position of CG.
Determination of Metacentric Height
i. Experimental Method
ii. Theoretical Method
Fluid Statics
Experimental Method
𝑤𝑑 = 𝑊𝐺𝑀𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑤𝑑
𝐺𝑀 =
𝑊𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃
Theoretical Method
Volume of prism AOA’ = Volume of prism DOD’
Volume of each strip = 𝐿𝜃𝑥𝑑𝑥
Weight of each strip = 𝛾𝐿𝜃𝑥𝑑𝑥
Fluid Statics
𝐹𝐵 𝐵𝑀𝜃 = න 2𝛾𝜃𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝛾𝜃𝐼
𝛾𝐼 𝐼
𝐵𝑀 = =
𝐹𝐵 𝑉
𝐺𝑀 = 𝐵𝑀 − 𝐵𝐺
𝐼
= − 𝐵𝐺 , if M is above G
𝑉
𝐼
= 𝐵𝐺 − , if M is below G
𝑉
Fluid Statics
Oscillation of a Floating Body
• If a floating body is subjected to an angular
displacement θ, and the overturning couple is
suddenly removed, it will be set in the state of
oscillations as if it is suspended at metacentre
in the same manner as a simple pendulum.
2
2
𝑑 𝜃
𝑊 × 𝐺𝑀𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −𝑀𝐾𝐺 2
𝑑𝑡

Fluid Statics
𝑑2 𝜃 𝑊 𝐺𝑀 𝜃
=−
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑀𝐾𝐺2
The solution of this differential equation is
𝑊(𝐺𝑀) 𝑊(𝐺𝑀)
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑡 2 + 𝐵𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑀𝐾𝐺 𝑀𝐾𝐺2
T = time period of oscillation

At t = 0, θ = 0, and at t = T/2, θ = 0
Fluid Statics
𝐵=0
𝑇 𝑊(𝐺𝑀)
𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 =0
2 𝑀𝐾𝐺
𝑇 𝑊(𝐺𝑀)
𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 =0
2 𝑀𝐾𝐺
𝑀𝐾𝐺2 𝐾𝐺2
𝑇 = 2𝜋 = 2𝜋
𝑊(𝐺𝑀) 𝑔(𝐺𝑀)

Fluid Statics
𝐾𝐺2
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑔(𝐺𝑀)
• This oscillating motion of the body is gradually
dampened by frictional forces between the
floating body and the liquid.
• Rolling – Oscillating motion of a ship about its
longitudinal axis.
• Pitching – Oscillating motion of a ship about its
transverse axis.
Fluid Statics
• Since the moment of inertia about the transverse
axis is much greater, the metacentric height is
also greater.
• Therefore, if a ship is safe in rolling then it will be
safe in pitching also.
• The stability is increased by increasing the
metacentric height but it also reduces the time
period of oscillation which is uncomfortable to
passengers and may cause undue strains to the
structure.
Fluid Statics
• But for warships and racing yatch, stability is
more important than comfort. So, metacentric
height is kept larger.
• In cargo ships, the metacentric height and
time period of oscillation can be adjusted by
shifting the position of cargo.
Problem – 1
• Figure – 1 shows the U-tube manometer. Find
the pressure in the pipe.
Fluid Statics
𝑝𝐴
= 0 + 0.88𝛾𝑤 × 0.3 + 13.6𝛾𝑤 × 0.45 − 𝛾𝑤 × 0.6
𝑝𝐴 = 5.784𝛾𝑤 = 56.63 kN/m2
Problem – 2
Figure – 2 shows the U-tube differential
manometer. Find the difference x between the
levels of mercury.
𝑝𝑁
= 𝑝𝑀 + 1.594𝛾𝑤 × 4 + 13.6𝛾𝑤 𝑥 − 0.8𝛾𝑤 𝑥 + 1.5
Fluid Statics
171.68
= 103.01 + 6.376𝛾𝑤 + 13.6𝑥𝛾𝑤 − 0.8𝑥𝛾𝑤
− 1.2𝛾𝑤
68.67 = 5.176𝛾𝑤 + 12.8𝑥𝛾𝑤
7.014 = 5.176 + 12.8𝑥
𝑥 = 0.1436 𝑚 = 14.36 𝑐𝑚
Problem – 3
A 3.6 m X 1.5 m wide rectangular gate MN is
vertical and is hinged at point 0.15 m below the
centre of gravity of the gate. The total depth of
water is 6 m. What horizontal force must be applied
at the bottom to keep the gate closed?
Fluid Statics
𝐴 = 3.6 × 1.5 = 5.4 𝑚2
𝑥ҧ = 6 − 1.8 = 4.2 𝑚
𝑃 = 9.79 × 5.4 × 4.2 = 222.04 𝑘𝑁
1 2
𝐼𝐺 × 1.5 × 3.6
ത
ℎ = 𝑥ҧ + = 4.2 + 12
𝐴𝑥ҧ 1.5 × 3.6 × 4.2
= 4.2 + 0.257 = 4.457 𝑚
Taking moment about the hinge,
∑𝑀 = 0
Fluid Statics
222.04 × 0.257 − 0.15 − 𝐹 1.8 − 0.15 = 0
𝐹 = 13.45 𝑘𝑁
Problem – 4
A circular plate 2.5 m diameter is immersed in
water, its greatest and least depth below the
free surface being 3 m and 1 m respectively.
Find (a) hydrostatic force on one face of the
plate and (b) the position of centre of pressure.

Fluid Statics
𝐼𝐺 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
ℎത = 𝑥ҧ +
𝐴𝑥ҧ
3+1
𝑥ҧ = =2𝑚
2
𝜋
𝐴 = × 2.52 = 4.909 𝑚2
4
𝑃 = 9.79 × 4.909 × 2 = 96.12 𝑘𝑁

Fluid Statics
𝜋
𝐼𝐺 = × 2.54 = 1.917 𝑚4
64
2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = 0.8
2.5
1.917 × 0.82
ℎത = 2 + = 2.125 𝑚
4.909 × 2

CE - 4007 Fluid Mechanics - I

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𝑃 = න 𝑑𝑃 = න 𝛾𝑥𝑏𝑑𝑥 = 𝛾 න 𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝛾𝐴𝑥ҧ

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= 𝛾 × 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑂 − 𝑂

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The centre of pressure lies on this axis of

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• The direction of dP varies from point to point.

𝑃𝐻 = hydrostatic force acting on CD.

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• Centre of buoyancy is the centroid of the fluid

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𝐹𝐵 𝐵𝑀𝜃 = න 2𝛾𝜃𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝛾𝜃𝐼

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T = time period of oscillation

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