Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DR.MOHAMMED O. AL-
AL-RUKBAN
Assistant Professor And Consultant of Family Medicine
Department of Family and Community Medicine
College of Medicine
King Saud University
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ã _f any body asked to plan a course, he will
depend on:
ã Common sense.
ã His perception of the subject which he is
teaching.
ã The way in which he was educated
himself.
ã Current teaching practice elsewhere.
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ã The need to produce doctors to serve the
public accompanies two others in any
medical school A the production of
teachers and of researchers
researchers..
ã Do all doctors need to be trained in the
skills required for carrying out research in
their own area of practice?
ã How should these three needs be
balanced?
ã Training needs analysis is a process of
both an extensive and intensive study of
product requirements.
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ã A number of approaches may be used to
identify needs as a step in curriculum
planning:
ã The wisemen approach.
ã The Delphi technique, a method relying on the
judgment of an expert panel of 'wise men', has
been used in curriculum planning to obtain a
consensus opinion. (Miller, 1974).
1974).
ã A study of errors in practice.
ã Critical incident studies.
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ã Task analysis of established practitioners.
ã Analysis of morbidity and mortality
statistics.
ã Study of star performers.
ã Analysis of existing curricula including
syllabi and examinations.
ã Views of recent graduates.
ã _n many countries, the answer to this
question is already specified in general
terms by government and by professional
bodies.
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ã Organizational frameworks:
ã The system -based approach:
ã Students visit each system only once in their
undergraduate education.
ã Visit each system several times:
ã _n phase 1, students learn about normal structure
function and behaviour (basic science) in relation to
the systems.
ã _n phase 2, they learn about abnormal structure
function and behaviour (pathological sciences) in
relation to the systems.
ã _n phase 3, they learn about the clinical applications
of their previous learning (practice of medicine).
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ã Spiral curriculum:
ã As the student
moves on through
different
experience there
is value in re-
visiting previous
learning to re-
explore and
extend it.
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ã The term educational strategy implies the
approach taken to the conduct of the educational
programme.
ã SP_CES model for curriculum planning:
ã Student
Student--centered/
centered/ teacher-
teacher-centered.
ã _n a student-
student-centered approach students can
choose when they will study, their pace of study,
the method of study and what they will study.
ã Problem
Problem--solving/information
solving/information--gathering
ã _ntegrated (multidisciplinary)/specialty
(multidisciplinary)/specialty
(discipline).
ã Community
Community--based
based/hospital
/hospital--based.
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ã Elective/standard
Elective/standard
ã _n elective programmes, students have a
small core and for the remainder of the
time choose which aspects of the
subjects, or even which subjects, they
wish to study.
ã Systematic (planned)/apprenticeship.
(planned)/apprenticeship.
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ã To select the most appropriate teaching
method to achieve the desired student
outcomes.
ã Student grouping:
ã Whole class teaching;
ã Classes divided into smaller groups of
seven or eight students; or
ã _ndividualized learning where students
work on their own.
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ã Teaching methods (the choice of tool):
ã Slides,
ã Audiotape,
ã Film,
ã Videotape,
ã Overhead projector,
ã Printed text,
ã Computers,
ã Simulators,
ã Models,
ã Exhibitions and patients, or/and
ã Computer-- assisted learning (CAL).
Computer
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ã The well-
well-prepared, dynamic lecture is effective
and often the best use of available resources,
especially if the class size is large.
ã The educational value of a method is dependent
as much on how the method is used as on the
choice of method.
ã The choice of method should reflect:
ã The course aims and objectives;
ã Class size;
ã The availability of local facilities; and
ã Staff experience in the various techniques.
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ã ³The curriculum instructs teachers in what to teach;
the exam. _nstruct students in what to learn´.
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ã The assessment strategy should be developed at the
planning stage.
ã Both the student and the course should be assessed.
ã Assessment techniques:
ã Multiple choice questions
ã Essay questions
ã Short answer questions
ã Patient management problems
ã Modified essay questions
ã Oral examinations
ã Traditional clinical examinations
ã Objective structural clinical examinations
ã Reports by tutors or supervisors
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