BASIC CONCEPTS

ON
FOOD AND NUTRITION
MALNOURISH
O
HINDI?
Eh ikaw, ano ka?
1. Understanding Food and
Nutrition Concepts
2. Malnutrition: Forms, Causes,
and Consequences
 UNDERSTANDING FOOD
AND NUTRITION CONCEPTS
1. Define food, nutrition and other related
terms
2. Enumerate the different nutrients, their
functions, and food sources
 Defining Food, Nutrition
and Other Related Terms
Any substance that people
eat and drink to maintain
life and growth
Substances obtained
from food and used by
the body for energy,
building and repairing
tissues, and regulating
body processes
Study of how the body
uses food.
 Physiological state of an
individual as determined
by the kinds and
amount of food
consumed and by the
ability of the body to use
them
A condition of the body
caused by sustained
deficiency, excess, or
imbalance in one or
more nutrients.
Knowing the Nutrients
in the Food
• People need food to live

• The human body is not able

to produce essential
nutrients.
 Nutrients
Macronutrients Micronutrients

Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals

Fat- Water-soluble Major Trace

soluble
1. Component of body fluids
2. For lubrication of joints and
moistening of the eyes and
mucous membranes
3. For regulation of body
temperature, removal of
waste products
Describing the Nutritional Guide
Pyramid for Filipinos
A dietary guide that
teaches the principle
of eating a variety
of foods every day
at the right amounts
Describing the Pinggang Pinoy
 Pinggang Pinoy
Fish and
alternatives Fruit
-17% - 17%

Rice and Vegetables

alternatives - 33%
- 33%
Describing the 10 Kumainments
Sundin ang 10 Kumainments
 GO
GROW GLOW
MIL
K
 Advantages of Breastfeeding
Breast milk Breastfeeding
• Perfect nutrients • Helps bonding
• Easily digested; and development
efficiently used • Helps delay
pregnancy
• Protects against
infection

 Costs less than artificial feeding

 Complementary Foods
- "transitional foods”

- Appropriate foods that should be given to

infants after the first 6 months of life, in
addition to breastmilk
 How many servings of
vegetables and fruits do we
need everyday?
5 servings 1 cup raw veg.
½ cup cooked veg.
1 serving = 1 small pc. of fruit
1 slice of a big fruit
 Value of Animal Products
• Pre-formed Vitamin A
- Most efficient form of Vitamin A that helps prevent
VADD and xerophthalmia
• Vitamin B-Complex
• Heme Iron
- More efficiently absorbed by the body compared to
non-heme iron (iron from the plants)
• Zinc
 Value of Fish
High-quality protein
Heme –iron
Vitamin A
Zinc
Calcium (small fishes)
Iodine
Omega – 3 Fatty Acids (help prevent Coronary Heart
Disease, stroke , cancers)
 Value of Legumes, Dried Beans
and Nuts
•Low in fat
•High in fiber (soluble fiber)
•Good source of iron
•Good source of Vitamin B-Complex
 Value of Egg
• A nutrient-dense food

• Cheapest source of high quality protein

• Eating an egg a day is acceptable for health

individuals
 Role of Calcium
• Makes skeleton dense and
strong (with protein & Vit. D)

• Essential for normal growth of

skeleton and teeth

• Regulates heartbeat and muscle

contraction
 Value of Milk
and Milk Products
• Good sources of highly
absorbable calcium,
protein, vitamin A

• Rich in riboflavin, vitamin

B12 and phosphorus
 Other Sources of Calcium

DILIS SARDINES TOKWA/ ALAMANG

TOFU

MALUNGGAY
LEAVES SALUYOT ALUGBATI MUSTASA
Effects of Iodine Deficiency
in the diet
IDD Results From:
 How to limit salt intake
• Eat natural foods with little or no added salt
• Use herbs and spices to naturally flavor or season food
• Limit intake of preserved and processed foods
• Limit use of soup cubes
• Limit intake of salty meats and fish
• Limit addition of condiments
• Limit intake of salted snacks
• Read labels to find out the sodium content of packed
or preserved food
 How to limit intake
of saturated fats
• Use corn, soybean, olive, canola and sunflower oil
• Eat fish more often than meat or poultry
• Remove skin of poultry. Trim fat from meat and
poultry.
• Occasionally replace animal foods with dried beans,
peas and legumes.
• Read labels to select foods lower in cholesterol and
saturated fat
 Body Mass Index
• BMI= wt(kg)
ht (m2)

<18.5 = Underweight
18.5 to 24.9 = Normal
25 to 29.9 = Overweight
> 30 = Obesity
 Ideal Waist Circumference

Male = <90 cm or 35.5”

Female = <80 cm or 31”
Exercise at least 3 to 5
times a week for 30
minutes each or more.

Do your moves!
 Other Tips
• Do not skip your meals
especially breakfast.
 Other Tips

• Mindful eating
 Other Tips

• Eat out less.

Prepare your food at home.
 Other Tips

• Read nutrition facts

and labels of food you eat.
 Tracing the Farm
to Table Food Path
Food Production
Farm Hauling Market Preparation

Food Distribution

Retail Wholesale
Market Market Storage and Secondary
Transport Processing
Food
Consumption
Consumers
Nutrient
Utilization Nutrient Utilization
 Food Production

 Families may have Food Distribution

different food path.
 If one or more of the
paths are blocked, Food
Consumption
they can contribute to
food insecurity and
malnutrition. Nutrient
Utilization
All people, at all times, have physical, social,
and economic access to sufficient, safe and
nutritious food which
meet their dietary
needs and food
preference for an
active and
healthy life.
(Weingartner, 2004)
Achieved if adequate
food is available and
accessible to, and
satisfactorily used and
utilized by all
individuals at all times
to live a healthy and
active life.
 Right to Food
A basic human
need for all
people as well
as basic human
right
 Right to Food
•The right to adequate
food does not mean
giving food for free
(or charity), it is about
being able to feed oneself
in dignity
•The human right to
adequate food is a practical
goal, a moral and legal
obligation
 Right to Food
•LGUs should strive to uphold
this right through planning
and implementation of
programs
•The LGUs can be held
accountable by the people for
not providing the conditions in
which they can live free from
hunger and with dignity
 MALNUTRITION: FORMS,
CAUSES, AND CONSEQUENCES
1. Describe the different forms of
malnutrition

2. Explain nutrition in the life cycle

3. Identify the causes and

consequences of undernutrition
Characterizing the Forms of
Malnutrition
1. Undernutrition
2. Overnutrition
3. Specific Nutrient Deficiency
4. Nutrient Imbalance
1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight
b. Stunting
c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
e. Kwashiorkor
f. CED
g. GAM
2. Overnutrition
a. Overweight
b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
a. VADD
b. IDA
c. IDD
4. Imbalance
 Underweight
1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight
b. Stunting
c. Wasting
A condition when children weigh d. Marasmus
less than expected for e. Kwashiorkor
their age and gender; f. CED
g. GAM
2. Overnutrition
May indicate a. Overweight
stunting or b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
wasting or both a. VADD
b. IDA
c. IDD
(underweight- 4. Imbalance
for-age)
 1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight
b. Stunting
Underheight/ c. Wasting
d. Marasmus

Stunting
e. Kwashiorkor
f. CED
g. GAM
The child’s height is less than 2. Overnutrition
expected for a. Overweight
their age and gender b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
a. VADD
b. IDA
(underheight- c. IDD
for-age) 4. Imbalance
 1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight
Wasting b. Stunting
c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
The child’s weight is less than e. Kwashiorkor
expected for their height and f. CED
g. GAM
gender 2. Overnutrition
a. Overweight
b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
(underweight- a. VADD
b. IDA
for-height) c. IDD
4. Imbalance
 1. Undernutrition

Marasmus
a. Underweight
b. Stunting
c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
A form of severe e. Kwashiorkor
undernutrition f. CED
g. GAM
2. Overnutrition
a. Overweight
b. Obesity
Non- 3. Specific Deficiency
a. VADD
edematous b. IDA

malnutrition c. IDD
4. Imbalance
 Kwashiorkor
1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight
b. Stunting
c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
A form of severe e. Kwashiorkor
f. CED
undernutrition g. GAM
2. Overnutrition
a. Overweight
b. Obesity
Edematous 3. Specific Deficiency

malnutrition a. VADD
b. IDA
c. IDD
4. Imbalance
Marasmic kwashiorkor
• Kwashiorkor and marasmus
are distinct conditions
• Severe malnutrition often
have features of both
• The child’s upper body is
wasted, but the lower
limbs are swollen with
oedema
• Sever wasting with skin
and hair changes or
oedema
Oedema of both feet
• A sign that a child
needs referral for
specialized care even
if other signs of
kwashiorkor is not
present

• The oedema must

appear in both feet
Checking for oedema
of both feet
To check for oedema:

• Grasp the foot so that it

rest on your hand with
the thumb on top of the
foot
• Press your thumb gently
for few seconds

Positive (+) for oedema if pit/dent

remains in the foot when you lift
your thumb
 1. Undernutrition

Chronic Energy
a. Underweight
b. Stunting
c. Wasting
Deficiency (CED) d. Marasmus
e. Kwashiorkor
f. CED
Results from a long standing g. GAM
intake of 2. Overnutrition
a diet that is a. Overweight
b. Obesity
inadequate 3. Specific Deficiency
in energy to a. VADD
sustain optimal b. IDA
c. IDD
growth and 4. Imbalance
physical activity
 Global Acute 1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight

Malnutrition (GAM)
b. Stunting
c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
e. Kwashiorkor
f. CED
Term used to include all g. GAM
2. Overnutrition
malnourished children a. Overweight
whether they have moderate b. Obesity
or severe wasting or edema 3. Specific Deficiency
a. VADD
or some combination of this b. IDA
conditions c. IDD
4. Imbalance
 1. Undernutrition

Overweight a. Underweight
b. Stunting
c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
Weighing too much for one’s e. Kwashiorkor
f. CED
length or height g. GAM
2. Overnutrition
a. Overweight
b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
a. VADD
b. IDA
c. IDD
4. Imbalance
 Obesity 1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight
b. Stunting
c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
A condition of being severely e. Kwashiorkor
overweight f. CED
g. GAM
2. Overnutrition
a. Overweight
b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
a. VADD
b. IDA
c. IDD
4. Imbalance
 Specific
1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight
b. Stunting

Deficiency c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
e. Kwashiorkor
A pathological state resulting from f. CED
g. GAM
a relative or absolute lack of an 2. Overnutrition
individual nutrient a. Overweight
b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
 Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders a. VADD
(VADD) b. IDA
 Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) c. IDD
4. Imbalance
 Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD)
 1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight

Vitamin A b. Stunting
c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
A micronutrient found e. Kwashiorkor
f. CED
in animal products and plants g. GAM
(beta-carotene, less absorbable 2. Overnutrition
form) a. Overweight
b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
Essential for normal a. VADD
b. IDA
growth and c. IDD
development, vision and 4. Imbalance

helps the body fight

diseases
 Impaired iron
mobilization

VADD
Depressed Disturbed
immune response cellular
differentiation
 1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight
b. Stunting

VADD occurs when people:

c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
e. Kwashiorkor
f. CED
• Do not consume enough g. GAM
2. Overnutrition
Vitamin A-rich foods a. Overweight
b. Obesity
• Do not receive Vitamin A 3. Specific Deficiency
supplements on a regular a. VADD
b. IDA
basis c. IDD
4. Imbalance
• Have frequent illnesses and
are undernourished
 1. Undernutrition
Iron a. Underweight
b. Stunting
c. Wasting
Mineral essential to the body d. Marasmus
found mainly in hemoglobin e. Kwashiorkor
and myoglobin; iron f. CED
g. GAM
helps form the 2. Overnutrition
red blood cells a. Overweight
b. Obesity
Animals: contained more 3. Specific Deficiency
absorbable form of iron (heme) a. VADD
b. IDA
c. IDD
Vegetables: legumes, green leafy- 4. Imbalance
contained less
absorbable
form of iron (non-heme)
 1. Undernutrition
Iron Deficiency a. Underweight
b. Stunting
Anemia c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
e. Kwashiorkor
Characterized by a decrease f. CED
in the concentration of g. GAM

hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood 2. Overnutrition

a. Overweight
b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
a. VADD
needed in the b. IDA
transport of c. IDD
oxygen to 4. Imbalance
tissues and
organs
 1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight

IDA Results from

b. Stunting
c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
e. Kwashiorkor
f. CED
• Low levels of iron and low g. GAM
iron bioavailability in the 2. Overnutrition
a. Overweight
diet b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency

• Deficiencies in nutrients a. VADD

b. IDA
linked with iron absorption c. IDD
and metabolism (Vit C) 4. Imbalance
 1. Undernutrition
a. Underweight
IDA Results from b. Stunting
c. Wasting
d. Marasmus
• Presence of hookworm, e. Kwashiorkor
schistosomiasis, malaria, and f. CED
g. GAM
other pathological blood 2. Overnutrition
losses e.g. hemorrhoids a. Overweight
b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
• Repeated pregnancies and a. VADD
excessive bleeding b. IDA
c. IDD
4. Imbalance
 Death Decreased work
(in extreme cases) productivity

IDA
Low resistance Poor academic
to infection performance
 1. Undernutrition

Iodine a. Underweight
b. Stunting
c. Wasting
Essential micronutrient and d. Marasmus
component of thyroxin which e. Kwashiorkor
f. CED
control normal functioning of g. GAM
the brain and body 2. Overnutrition
a. Overweight
b. Obesity
3. Specific Deficiency
Found in shellfish and seafood a. VADD
and commonly consumed b. IDA
c. IDD
through iodized salt 4. Imbalance
 Goiter Poor mental
Stillbirth development
Spontaneous Low work
abortion
IDD productivity

Mental Congenital, mental

retardation and physical
Squint deformities
(pagkaduling)
(deaf-mutism)
 Classifications of Malnutrition
During Disaster and Emergency
Situations
1. Moderate Acute Malnutrition
(MAM)
2. Severe Acute Malnutrition
(SAM)
 Understanding Nutrition
Throughout the Life Cycle
 Impaired mental
Higher mortality rate development

Reduced capacity Increased risk of adult

to care for child chronic disease

Untimely/Inadequate
Baby feeding
Low Frequent infections
Older People
birthweight Inadequate
Malnourished food, health,
Inadequate and care
catch-up growth
Inadequate Inadequate
food, health, fetal
and care nutrition Reduced
Child mental
Stunted capacity
Woman
Malnourished
Pregnancy
Low weight gain
Adolescent Inadequate food,
Stunted health, and care

Higher maternal
mortality
Reduced physical capacity
Inadequate food, health, and fat-free mass
and care
Burden of Undernutrition Throughout the Life Cycle
Adapted from: SCN, 2000
 Early Death

Mortality
Consequences of Malnutrition
Infection
Inability to
concentrate in school
Weak Resistance

Undernourished School drop-out

children

Poverty Lack skill/

low literacy

Under/unemployed
Low productivity
undernourished
adults
THE STORY OF HOPE
A photo of a Caucasian
woman giving a
dehydrated and
malnourished child to
drink has been in the
news all around the
world. He was
abandoned by his
parents who believed
he was a witch.
The woman who was
feeding the little
boy is called Anja
Ringgren Loven, a
humanitarian from
Denmark, northern
Europe.
But when Loven learned
about the story of the little
boy, she decided to take
him to her orphanage. Ms
Loven is the founder of
African Children’s Aid
Education and Development
Foundation (ACAEDF). She
founded ACAEDF to help
the children who have been
labeled as witches,
abandoned by their families
and neglected by the
community.
She provides them with education,
food, shelter, and medical care.
She tries her best to make them
feel as if they are with their
parents.
After rescuing Hope, Ms. Loven
sent him to the nearest hospital to
be examined. Hope was later
discharged. Currently, he is
comfortably living with Loven.
Doctors have given medication to
Hope, to remove worms from his
stomach.
Loven named him Hope, “The day I
carried this sweet little boy in my
arms for the very first time, I was so
sure he would not survive. Every
breath he took was a struggle and I
did not want him to die without a
name, without dignity so I named
him Hope. Hope to me is a special
name. Not only the meaning of Hope
but what it stands for. Many years
ago I got the name of HOPE tattooed
on my fingers because to me it
means: Help One Person Everyday.”
Nutrition Month
Celebration
Increase awareness on the importance
of healthy diets which protects against
both under- and overnutrition, non-
communicable diseases and certain
types of cancer.
Do you have a Healthy
Diet?
Oh, ano ka ngayon
malnourish o hindi?