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Communication
1
The Process of Communication:
Signal-Transduction Pathway
4
LIGAND:
a molecule that
binds to a larger
molecule
Typical Signal Transduction Pathway
Phase 1: Reception
The target cell detects the ligand
■ Membrane proteins
– G-protein linked receptors
– Ion channel receptors
– Tyrosine Kinase
■ Intracellular receptor
– Steroid hormone receptors
Type of Receptor : G-protein linked
Type of Receptor: Ion Channel
Type of Receptor:
Intracellular
Receptor
Name three types of receptors in the signal
transduction pathway
■G-protein-linked receptors
■Ion channel receptors
■Intracellular receptors
Action of G-Protein Linked Receptor
Transduction
1 Reception
Receptor
Signaling
molecule
EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID Plasma membrane
1 Reception 2 Transduction
Receptor
Signaling
molecule
EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID Plasma membrane
Receptor
Activation
of cellular
response
Relay molecules in a signal transduction
pathway
Signaling
molecule
Types of Receptors
22
Which is the receptor? G-Protein? Ligand?
Which Is A Receptor Through Which Ions Would Pass?
Which Of These Acts As A Second Messenger?
Water-soluble (hydrophilic) Lipid-soluble (hydrophobic)
Polypeptides Steroids
0.8 nm
Insulin Cortisol
Amines
Epinephrine Thyroxine
Cellular Response Pathways
■ Water- and lipid-soluble hormones differ in their
paths through a body
■ Water-soluble hormones are secreted by exocytosis,
travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-
surface receptors
■ Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across cell
membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to
transport proteins, and diffuse through the
membrane of target cells
SECRETORY
CELL
Water- Lipid-
soluble soluble
hormone hormone
VIA
BLOOD
Transport
Signal receptor protein
TARGET
CELL Signal
receptor
NUCLEUS
(a) (b)
SECRETORY
CELL
Water- Lipid-
soluble soluble
hormone hormone
VIA
BLOOD
Transport
Signal receptor protein
TARGET OR
CELL Signal
receptor
Cytoplasmic
response Gene
regulation
Cytoplasmic
response Gene
regulation
NUCLEUS
(a) (b)
Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones
■ Binding of a hormone to its receptor
initiates a signal transduction pathway
leading to responses in the cytoplasm,
enzyme activation, or a change in gene
expression
Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones
Specific
Example
Notice the
presence of the
second
messenger
Click here
to view the
animation
Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones
■ The response to a lipid-soluble hormone is usually a
change in gene expression
■ Steroids, thyroid hormones, and the hormonal form
of vitamin D enter target cells and bind to protein
receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
■ Protein-receptor complexes then act as transcription
factors in the nucleus, regulating transcription of
specific genes
Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones
Steroid Hormone Example: Testosterone
MODEL STEROID
HORMONE ACTION
USING THE
TESTOSTERONE
MANIPULATIVE
37
Compare protein and steroid hormones by
completing this T chart
Characteristic Protein Hormone Steroid Hormone
Speed of response
Location of receptor
Example
38
Compare protein and steroid hormones by
completing this T chart
Characteristic Protein Hormone Steroid Hormone
39
Multiple Effects of Hormones
■ The same hormone may have different effects on
target cells that have
– Different receptors for the hormone
– Different signal transduction pathways
Multiple Effects of Hormones
■ The hormone epinephrine has multiple effects
in mediating the body’s response to short-term
stress
Glycogen
deposits
Vessel Vessel
Glycogen dilates.
breaks down constricts.
and glucose
is released
from cell.