First presentation

Under the supervision of:

Prof.Dr: Abdel Hamid Gomaa
Abstract
 This project is devoted to study the solar energy
management in using Air conditioning
applications, different types of using solar energy
such as Photovoltaics which operate Vapor
compression system and Solar concentrators
which operate Vapor absorption system where
studied and compared.
 Our case study is to make a Solar Air Conditioning
system for a room in Cairo, Egypt by the mentioned
method:
 Vapor compression cycle in which calculations was
instantaneously at each hour all over the year both the
compressor power needed and the output of the PV
panels
 the first way of using Vapor Compression System
(VCS) the benefit from the Solar Energy is by using PV
panels which will produce electricity stored in
batteries or to use on-grid system to power the
compressor in case of shortage
Introduction
 In the developed world, a large fraction of the primary
energy budget (40–50%) is consumed by buildings to run
heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, appliances
and equipment.
 The breakdown varies according to building type and
geographic location, but the A/C portion of the load in all
cases is substantial and in many cases is the largest.
 Unlike most other energy consuming entities, buildings
offer an ideal platform for distributed solar energy
harvesting, due to large surfaces exposed to solar radiation.
Alternative Energy
 (Renewable energy) encompasses a variety of power
generation sources. The most common forms of alternative
energy available for homeowner use today are solar power,
wind power and hydropower.

 The benefits of using renewable energy sources are

considerable. From an environmental standpoint, solar,
wind and water power are all non-emission power sources.
Unlike coal combustion power plants, no harmful exhaust
is produced when using alternative energy generators.
 For remote sites currently relying on engine generators
for electrical power, alternative energy sources present
some other advantages as well.
 Sunlight, wind and flowing water are all available for
free, unlike diesel fuel or propane used to power a
traditional generator.
 Also, each of these methods operates virtually silently.
Solar panels which use photovoltaics (PV) and
underwater turbines make no noise.
 For homes currently relying on grid power, a
renewable energy system has still more benefits.
 Power generated from renewable sources can be stored
in a battery bank to provide backup power if utility
power fails from national grid.
 In some areas alternative energy generated by a
homeowner can be "sold back" to the local utility
company, resulting in lower monthly electric bills at
the least, and perhaps even generating income for the
homeowner with a large renewable energy system
Solar Energy
 Solar energy is one of the most available forms of energy on
the Earth’s surface, besides; it is very promising and
generous. The earth’s surface receives a daily solar dose of
100,000,000 KW-hr, which is equivalent to 500,000 billion
oil barrels
 The solar energy is collector area dependent, and is a
diluted form of energy and is available for only a fraction of
the day.
 Also, its availability depends on several factors such as
latitude and sky clearness. At the same time, its system
requires high initial cost. But on the other hand, it has
some attractive features such as its system requiring
minimum maintenance and operation cost, and it does not
have negative effects on the environment.
Photovoltaics (PV)
 Photovoltaics : are the process of converting sunlight
directly into electricity using solar cells.
 Today it is a rapidly growing and increasingly the
importance of renewable alternative compared to
conventional fossil fuel electricity generation, but
compared to other electricity generating technologies.
 Although the oil crisis proved short-lived and the
financial incentive to develop solar cells abated, solar
cells had entered the arena as a power generating
technology.
 Their application and advantage to the "remote" power
supply area was quickly recognized and prompted the
development of terrestrial photovoltaics industry.

 Small scale transportable applications (such as

calculators and watches) were utilized and remote
power applications began to benefit from
photovoltaics.
Photovoltaic panels
Applications of solar energy in
cooling
 Air-conditioning is one of the major consumers of
electrical energy in many parts of the world today and
already today air-conditioning causes energy shortage
in for example Egypt.

 The demand can be expected to increase because of

changing working times, increased comfort
expectations and global warming.
 Air-conditioning systems in use are most often built
around a vapor compression systems driven by grid-
electricity.

 However, most ways of generating the electricity today,

as well as the refrigerants being used in traditional
vapor compression systems, have negative impact on
the environment so Solar air-conditioning might be a
way to reduce the demand for electricity that’s why we
choose this way in our project.
Main advantages of solar cooling
systems
 A) The availability of high solar irradiation during the
time when cooling is needed.

 B) The Low electrical power rating.

 C. Applicability of thermal energy as driving energy

low operating costs.

 D. Durability and environmental compatibility.

Disadvantages of solar cooling
systems
 A) High installation costs.

 B) The space needed for heat storage and the

additional backup system necessary

 The solar thermal technologies

 It has many different types the most common are:

a)Flat plate collector b) Evacuated tube collector

c)Dish type concentrating collector

The solar cooling technologies
 A) Electricity (Photovoltaic) driven system, which can
be classified to:

 Vapor compression refrigeration cycle. (our case

study in the project and we will focus on it)

 Thermo- electric refrigeration cycle.

 B) Thermal/work driven system, which can be
classified to:

 Absorption refrigeration cycle.

 Adsorption refrigeration cycle.

 The solar-powered cooling system generally comprises

three main parts: the solar energy conversion
equipment, the refrigeration system, and the cooled
object.
Vapor Compression
Refrigeration System
 Introduction:

 The vapor compression system is the dominant system

today for cooling and refrigeration and is being used in
almost all kind of application. It is available in a large
range of sizes from 50 W up to 50 MW. The cycle as
shown in the next figure.
Simple Vapor Compression
Refrigeration Cycle
The components of a vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle are:
 A compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and
evaporator.
 A low pressure, low temperature liquid is converted to
vapor in the evaporator, as it absorbing heat from the
refrigerated space and keeping that space cool.
 The fluid is driven around the cycle by the compressor,
which compresses the low temperature, low pressure
vapor leaving the evaporator to high pressure, high
temperature vapor.
 vapor is condensed to liquid in the Condenser, thus
giving off heat at a high temperature to the
surrounding environment.

 Finally, the high pressure, high temperature liquid

leaving the condenser is cooled and reduced in
pressure by passing it through an expansion valve. This
provides the input to the evaporator which was the
first step of the cycle described above.
 Vapour Compression Cycle used to cool the refrigerant
then it passes through (AHU) unit to cool the required
space.
Vapour Compression Cycle
driven by solar photovoltaic
 The work and heat flows shown in the diagram are
Win, QH and QL. Win is the work input to the
compressor.

 The rate of work input to the compressor is most of the

power requirement to run the refrigeration system.
Power will probably be needed to drive one or more
fans, but their power requirement will be small in
comparison with that needed to drive the compressor.
 QH is the high temperature heat rejected to the
surroundings by the condenser. QL is the low
temperature heat absorbed from the cooled space by
the evaporator.

 For a solar vapor compression system, this electric

power is taken from sun energy using a photovoltaic
panel, as shown in figure.
Integrated PV panels with VCRS illustration